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Modelling the Source of Blasting for the Numerical Simulation of Blast-Induced Ground Vibrations: A Review

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Abstract

The mining and construction industries have long been faced with considerable attention and criticism in regard to the effects of blasting. The generation of ground vibrations is one of the most significant factors associated with blasting and is becoming increasingly important as mining sites are now regularly located near urban areas. This is of concern to not only the operators of the mine but also residents. Mining sites are subjected to an inevitable compromise: a production blast is designed to fragment the utmost amount of rock possible; however, any increase in the blast can generate ground vibrations which can propagate great distances and cause structural damage or discomfort to residents in surrounding urban areas. To accurately predict the propagation of ground vibrations near these sensitive areas, the blasting process and surrounding environment must be characterised and understood. As an initial step, an accurate model of the source of blast-induced vibrations is required. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the approaches to model the blasting source in order to critically evaluate developments in the field. An overview of the blasting process and description of the various factors which influence the blast performance and subsequent ground vibrations are also presented. Several approaches to analytically model explosives are discussed. Ground vibration prediction methods focused on seed waveform and charge weight scaling techniques are presented. Finally, numerical simulations of the blasting source are discussed, including methods to estimate blasthole wall pressure time-history, and hydrodynamic codes.

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Abbreviations

ANFO:

Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil

ANN:

Artificial neural network

DEM:

Discrete element method

FEM:

Finite element method

FFT:

Fast Fourier transform

ISO:

International Organisation for Standardisation

JWL:

John–Wilkinson–Lee equation of state

PPV:

Peak particle velocity

SPH:

Smooth particle hydrodynamics

VoD:

Velocity of detonation

\(\alpha\) :

Pressure function constant

\(\beta\) :

Pressure function constant

\(\gamma\) :

Adiabatic exponent

\(\lambda\) :

Bulk modulus

\(\mu\) :

Shear modulus

ρ :

Density

\(\varphi\) :

Damping constant specifying rise time

\(\chi\) :

Pressure decay parameter

\(\omega\) :

Explosive constant for John–Wilkinson–Lee equation of state

A :

Explosive constant for John–Wilkinson–Lee equation of state

b :

Empirical constant (blast design) for peak particle velocity prediction

B :

Explosive constant for John–Wilkinson–Lee equation of state

C P :

Speed of longitudinal ground wave (P-wave)

C S :

Speed of transverse ground wave (S-wave)

D :

Velocity of detonation

e :

Euler’s constant (base of natural logarithm)

E :

Specific energy

K :

Empirical constant (in situ geology) for peak particle velocity prediction

n :

Constant

N :

Integer

P :

Blasthole wall pressure

P P :

Peak pressure at the blasthole wall

P VN :

von Neumann blasthole pressure at the detonation front

Q max :

Total charge weight of explosives detonated in any 8-ms time interval

r c :

Explosive-blasthole coupling ratio

R :

Distance from blast to measurement location

R 1 :

Explosive constant for John–Wilkinson–Lee equation of state

R 2 :

Explosive constant for John–Wilkinson–Lee equation of state

s :

Positive constant

t :

Time

t a :

Arrival time when the pressure becomes negative

t r :

Blasthole pressure rise time (time of peak pressure)

V :

Specific volume

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles (Belgium) under the 2014 funding scheme “Concerted Research Actions” at the University of Mons.

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Ainalis, D., Kaufmann, O., Tshibangu, JP. et al. Modelling the Source of Blasting for the Numerical Simulation of Blast-Induced Ground Vibrations: A Review. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50, 171–193 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1101-2

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