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Pre-Peak and Post-Peak Rock Strain Characteristics During Uniaxial Compression by 3D Digital Image Correlation

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Abstract

A non-contact optical method for strain measurement applying three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC) in uniaxial compression is presented. A series of monotonic uniaxial compression tests under quasi-static loading conditions on Hawkesbury sandstone specimens were conducted. A prescribed constant lateral-strain rate to control the applied axial load in a closed-loop system allowed capturing the complete stress–strain behaviour of the rock, i.e. the pre-peak and post-peak stress–strain regimes. 3D DIC uses two digital cameras to acquire images of the undeformed and deformed shape of an object to perform image analysis and provides deformation and motion measurements. Observations showed that 3D DIC provides strains free from bedding error in contrast to strains from LVDT. Erroneous measurements due to the compliance of the compressive machine are also eliminated. Furthermore, by 3D DIC technique relatively large strains developed in the post-peak regime, in particular within localised zones, difficult to capture by bonded strain gauges, can be measured in a straight forward manner. Field of strains and eventual strain localisation in the rock surface were analysed by 3D DIC method, coupled with the respective stress levels in the rock. Field strain development in the rock samples, both in axial and shear strain domains suggested that strain localisation takes place progressively and develops at a lower rate in pre-peak regime. It is accelerated, otherwise, in post-peak regime associated with the increasing rate of strength degradation. The results show that a major failure plane, due to strain localisation, becomes noticeable only long after the peak stress took place. In addition, post-peak stress–strain behaviour was observed to be either in a form of localised strain in a shearing zone or inelastic unloading outside of the shearing zone.

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Abbreviations

F :

Applied axial load

t :

Time

q :

Differential stress

q peak :

Peak stress

q cc :

Crack closure stress

q ci :

Crack initiation stress

q cd :

Crack damage stress

\(\varepsilon_{\text{A}}\), \(\varepsilon_{\text{L}}\) :

Axial and lateral strains

\(\varepsilon_{\text{vol}}\) :

Volumetric strain

\(\varepsilon_{\text{vol}}^{\text{e}}\) :

Elastic volumetric strain

\(\varepsilon_{\text{vol}}^{\text{c}}\) :

Crack-induced volumetric strain

\(E\) :

Young’s modulus

\(\upsilon\) :

Poisson’s ratio

\({\text{d}}F / {\text{d}}t\) :

Rate of loading

\({\text{d}}\varepsilon_{\text{A}} / {\text{d}}t\) :

Rate of axial strain

\({\text{d}}\varepsilon_{\text{L}} / {\text{d}}t\) :

Rate of lateral strain

LVDT:

Linear variable displacement transducers

UCS:

Unconfined compressive strength

3D DIC:

Three-dimensional digital image correlation

CDZ:

Compression damage zone

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Acknowledgments

The work has been supported by the Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre whose activities are funded by the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centre Programme. This is DET CRC Document 2015/781.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre DET CRC, Export Park, Adelaide, SA, 5950, Australia

    H. Munoz

  2. School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, North Terrace SA, 5005, Australia

    H. Munoz, A. Taheri & E. K. Chanda

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  1. H. Munoz
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  2. A. Taheri
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Correspondence to H. Munoz.

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Munoz, H., Taheri, A. & Chanda, E.K. Pre-Peak and Post-Peak Rock Strain Characteristics During Uniaxial Compression by 3D Digital Image Correlation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49, 2541–2554 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0935-y

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