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Word-wide meta-analysis of Quercus forests ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity reveals southwestern Mexico as a hotspot

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Abstract

Quercus is the most diverse genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) host plants; it is distributed in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, from temperate to tropical regions. However, their ECM communities have been scarcely studied in comparison to those of conifers. The objectives of this study were to determine the richness of ECM fungi associated with oak forests in the Cuitzeo basin in southwestern Mexico; and to determine the level of richness, potential endemism and species similarity among ECM fungal communities associated with natural oak forests worldwide through a meta-analysis. The ITS DNA sequences of ECM root tips from 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In total, 1065 species of ECM fungi have been documented worldwide; however, 812 species have been only found at one site. Oak forests in Europe contain 416 species, Mexico 307, USA 285, and China 151. Species with wider distributions are Sebacinaceae sp. SH197130, Amanita subjunquillea, Cenococcum geophilum, Cortinarius decipiens, Russula hortensis, R. risigallina, R. subrubescens, Sebacinaceae sp. SH214607, Tomentella ferruginea, and T. lapida. The meta-analysis revealed (1) that Mexico is not only a hotspot for oak species but also for their ECM mycobionts. (2) There is a particularly high diversity of ECM Pezizales in oak seasonal forests from western USA to southwestern Mexico. (3) The oak forests in southwestern Mexico have the largest number of potential endemic species. (4) Globally, there is a high turnover of ECM fungal species associated with oaks, which indicates high levels of alpha and beta diversity in these communities.

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Acknowledgments

OMGG is grateful to the “Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas” of “Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México” and the CONACyT for the scholarship awarded. OMGG thanks Olimpia Guzmán-Pérez and David Iván Hernández-Mena for their constructive comments on this work. This project was funded by Fondo Mixto de Fomento a la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica CONACyT-Michoacan (MICH-2009-C05-112966) to RGO and PAPIIT-UNAM IV201015 to KO. We thank Kare Liimatainen, Mariano Torres-Gómez, Rodham Tulloss, Urmas Kõljalg, and Zhu L. Yang for photo loans. We also thank K. Liimatainen and R. Tulloss for their commentaries on some species hypothesis.

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  1. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Olimpia Mariana García-Guzmán, Roberto Garibay-Orijel & Edith Hernández

  2. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

    Olimpia Mariana García-Guzmán

  3. Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad. Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Elsa Arellano-Torres

  4. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Expropiación Petrolera INDECO, Mexico City, Michoacán, Mexico

    Ken Oyama

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  1. Olimpia Mariana García-Guzmán
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Correspondence to Roberto Garibay-Orijel.

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García-Guzmán, O.M., Garibay-Orijel, R., Hernández, E. et al. Word-wide meta-analysis of Quercus forests ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity reveals southwestern Mexico as a hotspot. Mycorrhiza 27, 811–822 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-017-0793-9

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