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Clinical characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Austria – is there a need for a structured screening program?

Klinische Charakteristika von Patienten mit hepatozellulärem Karzinom in Österreich – ist ein strukturiertes Screeningprogramm notwendig?

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Zusammenfassung

HINTERGRUND: Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Unterschiede in der klinischen Erstpräsentation von Patienten mit hepatozellulären Karzinom (HCC) vor und nach der Veröffentlichung der europäischen (EASL) Empfehlungen zu HCC-Vorsorge und Behandlung zu untersuchen. METHODEN: Zwischen 1991 und 2009 wurde an unserer Abteilung bei 907 Patienten ein HCC neu diagnostiziert, wovon 850 in diese Studie aufgenommen wurden. Daten zur Demographie, Leberfunktion und Tumorstadium wurden retrospektiv erhoben. Die Publikation der EASL Empfehlungen im Oktober 2001 diente als Stichtag um klinische Charakteristika und Gesamtüberleben davor (Zeitraum 1) und danach (Zeitraum 2) zu vergleichen. RESULTATE: Im zweiten Untersuchungszeitraum waren Patienten übergewichtiger (BMI: 26,1 vs. 27,5, p = 0,003) litten häufiger an Diabetes (25,4 vs. 37,3 %, p = 0,001) und an einer nicht-alkoholische Fettleberhepatitis (NASH) (0,7 vs. 5,1 %, p < 0,001). Die alkoholische Lebererkrankung löste die Virushepatitis als häufigste Ätiologie ab, jedoch nicht in der wachsenden Gruppe der Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund, bei denen die virale Hepatitis (76,3 %) die Hauptätiologie blieb. Keine Veränderung konnte hinsichtlich der Leberfunktion und Tumorstadien zum Zeitpunkt der Erstdiagnose beobachtet werden. Bei den meisten Patienten wurden überwiegend fortgeschrittene nicht kurativ behandelbare HCCs festgestellt. Allerdings war das mediane Gesamtüberleben aller HCC Patienten in Periode 2 signifikant besser (7 vs. 14 Monate, p < 0,001), was für eine Verbesserung palliativer Therapien spricht. KONKLUSION: Patienten mit HCC werden trotz klarer, seit 9 Jahren bestehender europäischer Screening Empfehlungen überwiegend in nicht kurativ behandelbaren Tumorstadien diagnostiziert. Die Forderung nach einem offiziellen österreichischen HCC-Screeningprogramm für Patienten mit Leberzirrhose scheint gerechtfertigt.

Summary

BACKGROUND: We investigated the differences in clinical presentation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the time of diagnosis, before and after the publication of the European Association for the study of the Liver (EASL) guidelines of HCC management and screening. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2009, 907 patients were diagnosed with HCC at our department of which 850 were included in this study. Data regarding demography, liver function and tumor stage at the time of diagnosis were retrospectively collected. Differences in clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS) were compared before (period 1) and after (period 2) the publication of the EASL guidelines in 2001. RESULTS: In period 2, patients were more likely to be overweight (BMI: 26.1 vs. 27.5, p = 0.003), suffered more often from diabetes (25.4 vs. 37.3%, p = 0.001) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (0.7 vs. 5.1%, p < 0.001). Alcoholic liver disease replaced viral hepatitis as the main etiology but not in the increasing number of patients with migration background where viral hepatitis (76.3%) remained the predominant etiology. No change in liver function and tumor stages at the time of HCC diagnosis was observed. Most patients presented with advanced incurable HCC. However, the median OS of all HCC patients increased in period 2 (7 vs. 14 months, p < 0.001) suggesting improvements of palliative therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HCC are still predominantly diagnosed at incurable tumor stages, despite explicit European screening guidelines existing since 9 years. The implementation of a HCC surveillance program for cirrhotic patients in Austria seems to be warranted.

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Correspondence to Christian Müller.

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Hucke, F., Sieghart, W., Schöniger-Hekele, M. et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Austria – is there a need for a structured screening program?. Wien Klin Wochenschr 123, 542–551 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-011-0033-9

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