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Strategien und Potenziale zur Energieoptimierung bei der Wasserwiederverwendung

Strategies and opportunities for energy optimization in recycling water

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Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die energetische und stoffliche Nutzung von gereinigtem Abwasser erlangt weltweit zunehmende Bedeutung und dieses wird somit immer mehr als Ressource anstatt als Entsorgungsproblem gesehen. Dieser Trend ist auch an dem wachsenden Interesse einer Wasserwiederverwendung kommunalen Abwassers für Nicht-Trinkwasserzwecke sowie zur Stützung der Trinkwasserversorgung sichtbar. Allerdings ist gerade bei der Wasserwiederverwendung zur Trinkwasserversorgung der spezifische Energieverbrauch mit ca. 0,9–1,8 kWh/m³ nicht unerheblich. Aufgrund des Fehlens von national wie international einheitlichen gesetzlichen Anforderungen an die Wasserqualität bei der Wasserwiederverwendung gibt es weltweit sehr unterschiedliche technische Lösungen bei den zum Einsatz kommenden Aufbereitungsverfahren. Damit beschränken sich Energieeinsparmaßnahmen häufig auf interne Betriebsoptimierungen und die zu erzielenden Einsparpotenziale sind häufig als eher marginal einzustufen. Vielversprechender sind daher Strategien zur integrierten Energierückgewinnung, der verstärkten Nutzung anaerober biologischer Verfahren und Wärme-Kraft-Kopplungen bei der Wasserwiederverwendung. Diese bieten Möglichkeiten der internen Energiebereitstellung und damit Optionen, trotz des Einsatzes weitergehender Aufbereitungsprozesse den spezifischen Energiebedarf einer Wasserwiederverwendung zur Trinkwasserstützung deutlich unter 1 kWh/m³ zu senken. Das größte Potenzial für eine energieeffizientere Wasserwiederverwendung liegt allerdings auf der regionalen Planungsebene. Eine Wasserwiederverwendung ist gerade dort attraktiv, wo lokal keine ausreichenden Süßwasserressourcen zur Verfügung stehen oder die Wasserversorgung von importiertem Wasser abhängt, und bietet im Vergleich zur Aufbereitung von Brackwasser oder Meerwasser eine deutlich wirtschaftlichere Option.

Abstract

The energy and materials derived from treating sewage are becoming increasingly important worldwide and are thus progressively considered resources rather than a disposal problem. This is also apparent in the growing interest in recycling water from municipal wastewater for both non-potable and potable purposes, supplementing the drinking water supply in the latter case. However, the energy consumption of about 0.9–1.8 kWh/m³, required to recycle drinking water, is not insignificant. Due to the lack of national as well as international standardized regulatory specifications for recycled water quality, very different technical solutions for potable water reuse have been deployed worldwide. Therefore, energy-saving measures often can only be applied to internal operational optimizations and the achievable savings are rather limited. Strategies for integrated energy recovery, the increased use of anaerobic biological processes and combined heat and power (CHP) for water recycling are hence very promising. These provide opportunities for internal power provision and therefore options to reduce the specific energy requirements for potable water reuse to well below 1 kWh/m³, despite the necessary treatment processes. However, the greatest potential for energy-efficient water recycling is at the regional planning level. Recycling water is only attractive where local freshwater resources are insufficient or there is a dependency on imported water, and it is the significantly more cost-effective option than the treatment of brackish or sea water.

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Abbreviations

AOC:

Assimilable organic carbon (assimilierbarer organischer Kohlenstoff)

AOP:

Advanced oxidation processes (weitergehende Oxiadationsverfahren)

BAC:

Biological activated carbon process (biologischer Aktivkohlefilter)

BDOC:

Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (biologisch abbaubarer gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff)

CANDO:

Coupled Aerobic Anoxic Nitrous Decomposition Operation (gekoppelter aeroben:anoxischer Stickstoffabbau)

CO2 :

Kohlenstoffdioxid

CSB:

Chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon (gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff)

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  1. Lehrstuhl für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching/München, Deutschland

    Jörg E. Drewes &  Nils Horstmeyer MSc

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  1. Jörg E. Drewes
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  2. Nils Horstmeyer MSc
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Correspondence to Jörg E. Drewes.

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Drewes, J.E., Horstmeyer, N. Strategien und Potenziale zur Energieoptimierung bei der Wasserwiederverwendung. Österr Wasser- und Abfallw 68, 99–107 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00506-016-0298-3

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