Abstract
Swiss needle cast (SNC) severity in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) has been shown to vary spatially and temporally in response to climatic factors both within its native range and in regions where it has been planted as an exotic species. Survival models were developed for different Douglas-fir needle cohorts to enhance our understanding of how climatic influences on needle longevity are mediated by SNC in the Oregon Coast Range. The climate-based models were based on repeated measurement of 100 plots between 1998 and 2005 coupled with downscaled PRISM climate data. Potential predictors of needle survival by annual cohort were selected from numerous climatic variables at annual, seasonal, and monthly scales. Needle survival probability was positively associated with maximum summer temperature, and negatively associated with minimum winter temperature and spring precipitation. Seasonal climate variables associated with needle longevity are consistent with current epidemiological understanding of Phaeocyrptopus gaeumannii, as well as with previous analyses of climatic influences on SNC severity as measured by average years of foliage retention and frequency of fungal fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia, in stomates.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allison PD (2010) Survival analysis using SAS: a practical guide, 2nd edn. SAS Institute, Cary
Balster NJ, Marshall JD (2000) Decreased needle longevity of fertilized Douglas-fir and grand fir in the northern Rockies. Tree Physiol 20:1191–1197
Black BA, Shaw DC, Stone JK (2010) Impacts of Swiss needle cast on overstory Douglas-fir forests of the western Oregon coast range. For Ecol Man 259:1673–1680
Boyce JS (1940) A needle cast of Douglas-fir associated with Adelopus gaeumannii. Phytopathology 30:649–659
Capitano B (1999) The infection and colonization of Douglas-fir by P. gaeumannii. MS thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Chastagner GA, Byther RS (1983) Infection period of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii on Douglas-fir needles in western Washington. Plant Dis 67:811–813
Coop LB and Stone JK (2007) Prediction maps of Swiss needle case needle retention based on climate factors. In: Shaw D (ed) Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative Annual Report, pp 15–21
Daly C, Gibson WP, Taylor GH, Johnson GL, Pasteris P (2002) A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate. Clim Res 22:99–113
Ethier GJ, Livingston NJ, Harrison DL, Black TA, Moran JA (2006) Low stomatal and internal conductance to CO2 versus Rubisco deactivation as determinants of the photosynthetic decline of ageing evergreen leaves. Plant Cell Environ 29:2168–2184
Garber S, Maguire D, Mainwaring D, Hann D (2007) Swiss Needle Cast ORGANON module update. In: Shaw D (ed) Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative Annual Report, pp 63–66
Gower ST, Vogt KA, Grier CG (1992) Carbon dynamics of rocky mountain Douglas-fir: influence of water and nutrient availability. Ecol Monogr 62:43–65
Hamann A, Wang TL (2005) Models of climatic normals for genecology and climate change studies in British Columbia. Agric For Meteorol 128:211–221
Hansen EM, Stone JK, Capitano BR, Rosso P, Sutton W, Winton L, Kanaskie A, McWilliams M (2000) Incidence and impact of Swiss needle cast in forest plantations of Douglas-fir in coastal Oregon. Plant Dis 84:773–778
Hood IA, Kimberley MO (2005) Douglas-fir provenance susceptibility to Swiss needle cast in New Zealand. Australas Plant Pathol 34:57–62
Johnson R (2002) Genetic variation in tolerance of Douglas-fir to Swiss needle cast as assessed by symptom expression. Silvae Genetica 51:80–86
Kurkela T, Aalto T, Varama M, Jalkanen R (2005) Defoliation by the common pine sawfly (Diprion pini) and subsequent growth reduction in Scots pine: a retrospective approach. Silva Fennica 39:467–480
Latta G, Adams D (2010) The economic and market impacts of Swiss needle cast in western Oregon. Available online at http://sncc.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/2010Workshop_Latta_Adams.pdf. Accessed 11 Feb 2011
Latta G, Adams D, Shaw D (2009) Mapping western Oregon Douglas-fir foliage retention with a simultaneous autoregressive model. In: Shaw D, Woolley T (eds) Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative Annual Report, pp 37–51
Lawless JF (1982) Statistical models and methods for lifetime data. Wiley, New York
Maguire DA, Kanaskie A, Voelker W, Johnson R, Johnson G (2002) Growth of young Douglas-fir plantations across a gradient in Swiss needle cast severity. West J Appl For 17:86–95
Maguire DA, Mainwaring DB, Kanaskie A (2011) Ten-year growth and mortality in young Douglas-fir stands experiencing a range in Swiss needle cast severity. Can J For Res 41:2064–2076
Mainwaring D, Maguire D, Kanaskie A, Brandt J (2005) Growth responses to commercial thinning in Douglas-fir stands with varying severity of Swiss needle cast in Oregon, USA. Can J For Res 35:2394–2402
Mainwaring D, Maguire D, DeRoss J (2008) Seasonal adjustment of foliage retention for Swiss needle cast infected stands. In: Shaw D (ed) Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative Annual Report, pp 25–31
Mäkelä A, Landsberg J, Ek AR, Burk TE, Ter-Mikaelian M, Agren GI, Oliver CD, Puttonen P (2000) Process-based models for forest ecosystem management: current state of the art and challenges for practical implementation. Tree Physiol 20:289–298
Manter DK, Reeser PD, Stone JK (2005) A climate-based model for predicting geographic variation in Swiss needle cast severity in the Oregon coast range. Phytopathology 95:1256–1265
Mbogga MS, Hamann A, Wang TL (2009) Historical and projected climate data for natural resource management in western Canada. Agric For Meteorol 149:881–890
McNew GL (1960) The nature, origin, and evolution of parasitism. In: Horsfall JG, Dimond AE (eds) Plant pathology: an advanced treatise. Academic Press, New York, pp 19–69
Mitchell RG (1974) Estimation of needle populations on young, open-grown Douglas-fir by regression and life table analysis. USDA-FS Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, USA. Research Paper PNW-18, p 14
Mitchell T, Jones P (2005) An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. Int J Climatol 25:693–712
Monserud RA (2003) Evaluating forest models in a sustainable forest management context. For Biometry Model Inf Sci 1:35–47
Mote PW, Parson EA, Hamlet AF, Keeton WS, Lettenmaier D, Mantua N, Miles EL, Peterson DW, Peterson DL, Slaughter R, Snover AK (2003) Preparing for climatic change, the water, salmon, and forests of the Pacific Northwest. Clim Change 61:45–88
Niinemets Ü, Lukjanova A (2003) Needle longevity, shoot growth and branching frequency in relation to site fertility and within-canopy light conditions in Pinus sylvestris. Ann For Sci 60:195–208
Reich PB, Koike T, Gower ST, Schoettle AW (1994) Causes and consequences of variation in conifer leaf life span. In: Smith WK, Hinckley TM (eds) Ecophysiology of coniferous forests. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 225–254
Reich PB, Oleksyn J, Modrzynski J, Tjoelker MG (1996) Evidence that longer needle retention of spruce and pine populations at high elevations and high latitudes is largely a phenotypic response. Tree Physiol 16:643–647
Rosso PH, Hansen EM (2003) Predicting Swiss needle cast disease distribution and severity in young Douglas-fir plantations in coastal Oregon. Phytopathology 93:790–798
SAS Institute (2009) SAS/STAT(R) 9.2 User’s Guide, Second edn. SAS Institute Inc, Cary
Schwalm CR, Ek AR (2004) A process-based model of forest ecosystems driven by meteorology. Ecol Model 179:317–348
Silver GT (1962) The distribution of Douglas-fir foliage by age. For Chron 38:433–438
Stone JK, Hood IA, Watt MS, Kerrigan JL (2007) Distribution of Swiss needle cast in New Zealand in relation to winter temperature. Australas Plant Pathol 36:445–454
Wang T, Hamann A, Spittlehouse DL, Aitken SN (2006) Development of scale-free climate data for western Canada for use in resource management. Intl J Climatol 26:383–397
Waring RH, Franklin JF (1979) Evergreen coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Science 204:1380–1386
Warren CR (2006) Why does photosynthesis decrease with needle age in Pinus pinaster? Trees 20:157–164
Weiskittel AR, Maguire DA, Monserud RA, Johnson GP (2010) A hybrid model for intensively managed Douglas-fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Eur J Forest Res 129:325–338
Xiao Y (2003) Variation in needle longevity of Pinus tabulaeformis forests at different geographic scales. Tree Physiol 23:463–471
Zhao J, Mainwaring DB, Maguire DA, Kanaskie A (2011) Regional and annual trends in Douglas-fir foliage retention: correlations with climatic variables. For Ecol Manag 262:1872–1886
Acknowledgments
This project was funded by the Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative (SNCC) hosted at Oregon State University. We gratefully acknowledge field work performed by many different field crews working for the SNCC and the Oregon Department of Forestry.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by W. Oßwald.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, J., Maguire, D.A., Mainwaring, D.B. et al. Climatic influences on needle cohort survival mediated by Swiss needle cast in coastal Douglas-fir. Trees 26, 1361–1371 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0711-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0711-x