References
Cacoub P, Terrier B (2009) Hepatitis B-related autoimmune manifestations. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 35:125–137
Petri M, Orbai AM, Gordon C et al (2012) Derivation and validation of the systemic lupus international collaborating clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 64:2677–2686
Mok CC, Yap YHD, Navarra SV et al (2013) Overview of lupus nephritis management guidelines and perspective from Asia. Int J Rheum Dis 16:625–636
Pyrsopoulos NT, Reddy KR (2001) Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral hepatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 3:71–378
Cacoub P, Saadoun D, Bourliere M et al (2005) Hepatitis B virus genotypes and extrahepatic manifestations. J Hepatol 43:764–770
Acay A, Demir K, Asik G et al (2015) Assessment of the frequency of autoantibodies in chronic viral hepatitis. Pak J Med Sci 31:150–154
Bugdaci MS, Alkim C, Karaca C et al (2011) Could complement C4 be an alternative to biopsy for chronic hepatitis B histopathologic findings ? J Clin Gastroenterol 45:449–455
Gupta A, Quigg RJ (2015) Glomerular diseases associated with hepatitis B and C. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 22:343–351
Salter T, Burton H, Douthwaite S et al (2016) Immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis with acute thrombotic microangiopathy following newly detected hepatitis B virus infection in a kidney transplant recipient. Case Rep Transplant 2016:3152495
Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Omcharoen V (2002) Autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations and antinuclear antibody study in HIV-infected Thai patients. Int J Dermatol 41:417–422
Martínez-Rojano H, Juárez Hernández E, Ladrón De Guevara G (2001) Rheumatologic manifestations of pediatric HIV infection. AIDS Patient Care STDs 15:519–526
Vigano M, Colombo M (2015) Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 44:775–791
Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Desbois A. C, et al (2017) Rheumatologic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Liver Dis 21:455–464
Sayiner M, Golabi P, Farhat F et al (2017) Dermatologic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin Liver Dis 21:555–564
Ramos-Casals M, Font J, García-Carrasco M et al (2000) Hepatitis C virus infection mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus: study of hepatitis C virus infection in a series of 134 Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 43:2801–2806
Acknowledgments
We thank Liwen Bianji, Edanz Editing China (www.liwenbianji.cn/ac), for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This refers to the article that can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04527-1.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kang, C., Huang, J., Nie, X. et al. A child with painful swollen joints, rash and proteinuria: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 35, 2093–2095 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04529-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04529-z