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The E2 protein of human papillomavirus type 8 increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human keratinocytes and organotypic skin cultures

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Abstract

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent human cancer of Caucasian populations. Although the ultraviolet irradiation is a key contributor to the establishment of this keratinocyte malignancy, the infection by some types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has also been implicated in NMSC development. Cancers occur as a result of a complex series of interactions between the cancer cell and its surrounding matrix. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in degrading the extracellular matrix. MMP9 is an important gelatinase involved in processes such as cell migration, invasion and metastasis. In this report, we demonstrated by EMSA experiments that the MMP9 promoter contains a binding site for the transcriptional regulator E2 of HPV8. Transient reporter gene assays showed that HPV8-E2 activated the MMP9 promoter in a dose-dependent manner in human epidermal keratinocytes. An E2 transactivation-defective mutant (I73L) as well as a DNA-binding deficient mutant (R433K) demonstrated no activation of the MMP9 promoter, suggesting that both an intact transactivation and DNA-binding domain are required for E2 activation of the MMP9-promoter. The functional role of the E2 binding site within the MMP9 promoter was also confirmed by mutating the E2 binding site. In organotypic cultures of human skin, an overexpression of MMP9 was observed in suprabasal layers of the HPV8 E2-expressing epidermis thus confirming the results of the monolayer cultures. These results demonstrate that the early gene E2 of HPV8 is able to increase the expression of MMP9 by direct activation of the MMP9-promoter.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Shu Ye for the gift of the MMP9 reporter plasmid. This research was funded by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant number PF123/5-1) and Cancer Research UK.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany

    Baki Akgül, Gertrud Steger & Herbert Pfister

  2. Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Ave. Complutense 22, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Ramón García-Escudero

  3. Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK

    Christine Ekechi & Harshad Navsaria

  4. Molecular Oncology Department, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK

    Alan Storey

Authors
  1. Baki Akgül
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  2. Ramón García-Escudero
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  3. Christine Ekechi
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  4. Gertrud Steger
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  5. Harshad Navsaria
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  6. Herbert Pfister
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  7. Alan Storey
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Baki Akgül.

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Herbert Pfister and Alan Storey contributed equally to this work.

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Akgül, B., García-Escudero, R., Ekechi, C. et al. The E2 protein of human papillomavirus type 8 increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human keratinocytes and organotypic skin cultures. Med Microbiol Immunol 200, 127–135 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-011-0183-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-011-0183-4

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