Abstract
Axon growth and dendrite development are key processes for the establishment of a functional neuronal network. Adenosine, which is released by neurons and glia, is a known modulator of synaptic transmission but its influence over neuronal growth has been much less investigated. We now explored the action of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) upon neurite outgrowth, discriminating actions over the axon or dendrites, and the mechanisms involved. Morphometric analysis of primary cultures of cortical neurons from E18 Sprague–Dawley rats demonstrated that an A2AR agonist, CGS 21680, enhances axonal elongation and dendritic branching, being the former prevented by inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and phospholipase C, but not of protein kinase A. By testing the influence of a scavenger of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) over the action of the A2AR agonist and the action of a selective A2AR antagonist over the action of BDNF, we could conclude that while the action of A2ARs upon dendritic branching is dependent on the presence of endogenous BDNF, the influence of A2ARs upon axonal elongation is independent of endogenous BDNF. In consonance with the action over axonal elongation, A2AR activation promoted a decrease in microtubule stability and an increase in microtubule growth speed in axonal growth cones. In conclusion, we disclose a facilitatory action of A2ARs upon axonal elongation and microtubule dynamics, providing new insights for A2ARs regulation of neuronal differentiation and axonal regeneration.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) Grants: PTDC/SAU-NEU/64126/2006, FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-017455 (HMSP-ICT/0020/2010), EXPL/BIM-MEC/0009/2013, Portugal. Filipa F Ribeiro is in receipt of a fellowship (SFRH/BD/74662/2010) from FCT. Natália Assaife-Lopes was in receipt of a fellowship (SFRH/BD/21374/2005) from FCT. Telma E. Santos was supported by the project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-021392 (PTDC/SAU-ORG/118863/2010) from FCT. We thank Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (Tarrytown, NY) for the kind gift of BDNF.
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Online Resource 1 Activation of adenosine A2A receptors enhance microtubule growth speed. Live cell imaging of two axonal growth cones from DIC 3 neurons transfected with pEGFP-EB3 and in the absence (on the left) and presence (on the right) of CGS 21680 30nM. EB3 movements were tracked through time-lapse recordings (total time: 200 seconds, acquired 1 frame every 2 seconds) taken at 37°C using an Andor Revolution XD Spinning Disk. Scale bar = 5μm. 30x speed up (MPG 1440 kb)
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Ribeiro, F.F., Neves-Tomé, R., Assaife-Lopes, N. et al. Axonal elongation and dendritic branching is enhanced by adenosine A2A receptors activation in cerebral cortical neurons. Brain Struct Funct 221, 2777–2799 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1072-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1072-1