Classification of cell lineage and anatomical site, and prognosis of extranodal T-cell lymphoma — natural killer cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and non-NK/CTL types

Abstract

Due to their minority among the non-Hodgkin lymphomas, classification of extranodal T-cell lymphomas, including those of the natural killer (NK) cell type, has long been controversial and unclear, and the clinical outcome is not well clarified. Recently, new well-defined disease entities have been described based on tumor cell biology combined with anatomical site, clinical features, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status, and cell lineage as determined by immunophenotype and genotype. Cytological features are usually not specific, and there are no morphologic correlates with the classification of extranodal T/NK-cell lymphomas. From a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) endemic area in Japan, we report here the analysis of 144 cases of extranodal T-cell lymphoma, from which fresh tissues were available. As the clinicopathological features were known, we simply reclassified the cases according to cell lineage and anatomical site. The extranodal T-cell lymphomas were classified into three types on the basis of cell lineage: (1) natural killer cell (NK) type [sCD3-, CD56+, T-cell receptor gene (TCR) germline], (2) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) type [sCD3+, TIA-1+, TCR rearranged, CD8+/-, CD4-/+], and (3) non-NK/CTL type [sCD3+, TIA-1-, TCR rearranged, CD4+/-, CD8-/+]. In addition to cell lineage, the anatomical site and clinical features were added for subclassification. NK type tumors (35 cases) included the lymphoblastic type, nasal/nasal-type NK lymphoma, and NK leukemia. The CTL type (46 cases) included anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), cutaneous type, intestinal, γδ T-cell type, and an unspecified type. The non-NK/CTL type (63 cases) included adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), mycosis fungoides (MF), and an unspecified type. With the exception of ATLL and MF, most extranodal T-cell lymphomas had a cytotoxic phenotype of NK type or CTL type and were often associated with EBV infection. MF and the unspecified type within the non-NK/CTL tumors, with the exception of ATLL, had a favorable prognosis. However, NK and CTL types, with the exception of ALCL, were associated with a poor prognosis. Our results indicate that anatomical site and cell lineage are useful predictors of clinical outcomes of extranodal T-cell lymphomas.