Abstract.
This study investigated how the speed-accuracy balance is modulated by changes in the time course of motor activation and inhibition of a primed response. Responses and event-related brain potentials were recorded in a paradigm in which the first stimulus indicated the correct response with 80% validity. The remaining 20% of the trials required no response (no-go) or a response opposite to the cued hand (change trials). Subjects were instructed either to balance speed and accuracy or to emphasize speed at the cost of accuracy. Analyses of error patterns, reaction time distributions and brain potentials show that subjects can modulate the amount of activation of the primed response. More surprisingly, the engagement of inhibition of the response also varied with the speed-accuracy instruction. The results are consistent with a model where the frontothalamic loop actively controls both the activation and the inhibition of responses, depending on the current task requirements.
Notes
The current paradigm did not permit a similar analysis of the interval between LRP onset and RT because preliminary activation can start affecting the LRP as soon as S1 is presented, whereas response execution was not supposed to take place until after S2. In fact, the LRP–RT interval was longer for speed (131 ms) than for balance instructions (96 ms), t(23)=1.73, p<0.05. This can be explained by arguing that preliminary activation started longer before S2 in the speed than in the balance condition, which would imply that the absolute LRP onset latency is sensitive to SAT. Because execution was postponed until after S2, the onset-to-execution time overestimated the amount of time required for execution, and more so for the speed instruction.
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Acknowledgements.
The authors wish to thank Michel Lauer, Geertje Hagedoorn, and Ralf Vis for their assistance in testing, and Boris Burle, Sander Los, and Hartmut Leuthold for valuable reviews.
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This study was supported by the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO) grant numbers 575-63-082 and 575-25-004. The work of Dr. Band and Dr. Ridderinkhof was supported by grants from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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Band, G.P.H., Ridderinkhof, K.R. & van der Molen, M.W. Speed-accuracy modulation in case of conflict: the roles of activation and inhibition. Psychological Research 67, 266–279 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-002-0127-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-002-0127-0