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Energetics (and kinematics) of short shuttle runs

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European Journal of Applied Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purposes

The energy cost of shuttle running (C netSR), over distances of 10–20 m, was reported to increase with the shuttle speed and to decrease with the shuttle distance. The aims of this study were to assess C netSR over a shorter distance (5 m), at different speeds, and to estimate the energy cost based on a simple kinematic analysis (C netK).

Methods

Ten subjects (six basketball players, BP; four non-basketball players, NBP) performed ten shuttle runs (SR) with 30 s of passive recovery in-between, over a distance of 5 + 5 m (with a 180° change of direction); these experiments were repeated at different speeds (range 2–3.5 m s−1). The values of average (v mean) and maximal (v max) speed during each run were determined by means of kinematic analysis and C netK was calculated as: 0.96\(v_{ \hbox{max} }^{ 2}\). C netSR was calculated based on data of oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration and distance covered.

Results

The relationships between C (J m−1 kg−1) and v (m.s−1) are well described by C netK (all subjects) = 11.76v − 13.09, R 2 = 0.853; C netSR (BP) = 11.94v − 12.82, R 2 = 0.636; and C netSR (NBP) = 14.09v − 14.53, R 2 = 0.738. Hence C netSR ≈ C netK in BP, whereas C netSR > C netK in NBP (un-familiar with this specific motor task).

Discussion

The calculations proposed in this study allow to estimate C of short SR based on simple measures of v max and can be utilized to develop training protocols in basketball as well as in other team sports (characterized by repeated sprints over short distances).

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Abbreviations

BCoM:

Body centre of mass

BP:

Basketball players

C netLR :

Net energy cost of linear running (metabolic data)

C netSR :

Net energy cost of shuttle running (metabolic data)

C extbout :

The minimum energy cost of a SR (derived from kinematic analysis)

C netK :

Net energy cost of shuttle running (kinematic data): 2C extbout

d :

Shuttle distance

E’O2bout :

Net energy expenditure during a shuttle run

E K :

Kinetic energy

E P :

Potential energy

\(E_{\text{ext}}^{ + }\) :

Energy associated with positive external work

\(E_{\text{ext}}^{ - }\) :

Energy associated with negative external work

E extbout :

Energy expenditure during a shuttle run (derived from kinematic analysis)

HR:

Heart rate

Lab :

Blood lactate concentration

NBP:

Non-basketball players

RER:

Respiratory exchange ratio

SI:

Index of symmetry

SR:

Shuttle run

t bout :

Duration of one run/bout

t ex :

Exercise duration (=10t bout)

t tot :

Total exercise duration (=t ex plus the recovery periods)

t tot/t ex :

An index of the work to rest ratio

t vmax :

Time needed to attain v max

v mean :

Average (horizontal) shuttle speed

v max :

Maximal (horizontal) shuttle speed

V′O2 :

Oxygen uptake

V′E:

Minute ventilation

\(W_{\text{ext}}^{ + }\) :

Positive external work

\(W_{\text{ext}}^{ - }\) :

Negative external work

W extbout :

External work during a shuttle run

η + :

Positive work efficiency

η − :

Negative work efficiency

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank prof. A. E. Minetti for his helpful remarks and useful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Paola Zamparo, Francesca Bolomini, Francesca Nardello & Marco Beato

Authors
  1. Paola Zamparo
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  2. Francesca Bolomini
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  3. Francesca Nardello
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  4. Marco Beato
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Correspondence to Paola Zamparo.

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Communicated by Peter Krustrup.

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Zamparo, P., Bolomini, F., Nardello, F. et al. Energetics (and kinematics) of short shuttle runs. Eur J Appl Physiol 115, 1985–1994 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3180-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3180-2

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