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Individual response of humans to ionising radiation: governing factors and importance for radiological protection

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Abstract

Tissue reactions and stochastic effects after exposure to ionising radiation are variable between individuals but the factors and mechanisms governing individual responses are not well understood. Individual responses can be measured at different levels of biological organization and using different endpoints following varying doses of radiation, including: cancers, non-cancer diseases and mortality in the whole organism; normal tissue reactions after exposures; and, cellular endpoints such as chromosomal damage and molecular alterations. There is no doubt that many factors influence the responses of people to radiation to different degrees. In addition to the obvious general factors of radiation quality, dose, dose rate and the tissue (sub)volume irradiated, recognized and potential determining factors include age, sex, life style (e.g., smoking, diet, possibly body mass index), environmental factors, genetics and epigenetics, stochastic distribution of cellular events, and systemic comorbidities such as diabetes or viral infections. Genetic factors are commonly thought to be a substantial contributor to individual response to radiation. Apart from a small number of rare monogenic diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia, the inheritance of an abnormally responsive phenotype among a population of healthy individuals does not follow a classical Mendelian inheritance pattern. Rather it is considered to be a multi-factorial, complex trait.

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Acknowledgements

The workshop participants and members of ICRP Task Group 111 thank Christopher Clement, the ICRP Scientific Secretary for his support and participation at these workshops and his review and comments on this article. The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan is a public interest foundation funded by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and the US Department of Energy (DOE). The research was also funded in part through DOE award DE-HS0000031 to the National Academy of Sciences and contract HHSN261201400009C through the U. S. National Cancer Institute (NCI). The views of the authors do not necessarily reflect those of the two governments. The study by A Sadakane is based on a collaboration with researchers outside RERF, Dr. Shuji Yonehara of JA Onomichi General Hospital, Dr. Takashi Nishisaka of Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Dr. Masahiro Nakashima of Nagasaki University, Dr. Dale L. Preston of HiroSoft International Corporation, and Dr. Kiyohiko Mabuchi, Dr. Xiaohong R. Yang, and Dr. Amy Berrington de Gonzalez of the US National Cancer Institute. This study is supported by the contract with US NCI (HHSN261201400009C) and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP23590839, in addition to the usual funds from Japanese and US governments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zionsville, USA

    K. E. Applegate

  2. Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Neuherberg, Germany

    W. Rühm

  3. Centre for Radiation Protection Research, MBW Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    A. Wojcik

  4. Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, University of Paris Saclay (UVSQ), Verseilles, France

    M. Bourguignon

  5. Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

    A. Brenner, K. Ozasa, A. Sadakane & R. Sakata

  6. Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

    K. Hamasaki

  7. National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan

    T. Imai

  8. Department of Nagasaki Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan

    M. Imaizumi

  9. Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan

    T. Imaoka, S. Kakinuma & N. Nishimura

  10. QST Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan

    T. Kamada & N. Okonogi

  11. Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany

    C. E. Rübe

  12. National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan

    Y. Shimada

  13. Immunology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan

    K. Yoshida

  14. Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilto, Didcot, UK

    S. Bouffler

  15. Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan

    Y. Shimada

Authors
  1. K. E. Applegate
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  2. W. Rühm
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  3. A. Wojcik
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  4. M. Bourguignon
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  5. A. Brenner
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  9. T. Imaoka
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  16. A. Sadakane
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  17. R. Sakata
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  18. Y. Shimada
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  19. K. Yoshida
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  20. S. Bouffler
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Contributions

Human Individual Radiation Sensitivity and Prospects for Prediction (AW); Longitudinal analyses of clinical data and biosamples (KY); Fetal hematopoietic stem cells are not at all sensitive to radiation for induction of persisting chromosome aberrations. How are the damaged cells eliminated? (KH); Recent Animal Studies in QST-NIRS on Individual radiation-related cancer risk (TI, MN, SK, YS); Age-dependence of breast cancer risk (AB); Intrinsic subtypes of radiation-associated breast cancers among female atomic bomb survivors (AS); Thyroid diseases following childhood exposure (MI); Upper gastrointestinal tract cancer among LSS participants (RS); Lifestyle-related Cancer Risk: Smoking and Cancer (KO); Genetic Variations in Individual Radiation Therapy Adverse Response (TI); Exceptional responders versus tissue effects in radiation therapy (NO, TK); Radiosensitivity and radiotherapy (MB); Normal tissue responses after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (CER).

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Correspondence to K. E. Applegate.

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The International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) has convened Task Group 111 to review the current science relevant to the topic of individual response to radiation. To begin this effort, ICRP held a series of workshops in December of 2018 with Japanese scientists at the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science, and Technology (NIRS-QST) in Chiba, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) in Hiroshima, and the National Cancer Centre in Tokyo to discuss key questions and issues raised. This paper provides summaries of the workshop contributions.

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Applegate, K.E., Rühm, W., Wojcik, A. et al. Individual response of humans to ionising radiation: governing factors and importance for radiological protection. Radiat Environ Biophys 59, 185–209 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-020-00837-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-020-00837-y

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