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Textures, trace elements, and Pb isotopes of sulfides from the Haopinggou vein deposit, southern North China Craton: implications for discrete Au and Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization

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Abstract

The Haopinggou deposit in the Xiong’ershan district, southern margin of the North China Craton, comprises numerous Au and Ag–Pb–Zn veins hosted in metamorphic rocks of the Late Archean to early Paleoproterozoic Taihua Group. Two stages of mineralization have been recognized: Stage 1 pyrite–quartz veins and Stage 2 Pb–Zn-sulfide veins. Some pyrite–quartz veins are surrounded or cut by Pb–Zn-sulfide veins, others occur as independent veins. Six generations of pyrite have been identified at Haopinggou: Py1 to Py3 in Stage 1 and Py4 to Py6 in Stage 2. Pyrites from Stage 1 are enriched in Au, As, Co, Ni, and Bi, whereas Stage 2 pyrites contain higher Ag, Pb, Zn, Sn, and Sb. Invisible Au mostly occurs as lattice-bound gold in Py2 (up to 92 ppm Au) and Py3 (up to 127 ppm Au) and has a close relationship with As. Native Au grains are also present in Py3 and likely resulted from mobilization and reprecipitation of the invisible Au previously locked in the precursor pyrite. This view is supported by extensive plastic deformation in Stage 1 pyrite as revealed by electron backscatter diffraction analysis. In Stage 2, Ag is mostly present as lattice-bound silver closely associated with Sb in galena (up to 798 ppm Ag). A variety of silver minerals are also present as inclusions within galena or as interstitial grains. These silver minerals were likely formed via Ag–Cu exchange reaction between tetrahedrite and galena or represent exsolution from galena due to a temperature decrease. Pb isotopic compositions differ remarkably between Stage 1 and Stage 2 sulfides, indicating different sources of lead. Pb in Stage 2 Pb–Zn-sulfide veins is consistent with the Haopinggou porphyry close to the veins. The field, textural, compositional, and lead isotopic data led us to conclude that the early gold-bearing pyrite–quartz veins and late silver-bearing Pb–Zn-sulfide veins likely formed from distinct fluid systems related to discrete mineralization events. Our study suggests that Au and Ag–Pb–Zn veins hosted in the same metamorphic terrains may not be genetically related to each other.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFC0600104) and Natural Science Foundation of China (91514303, 41402066, 41325007, 91414301). David Cooke, Leonid Danyushevsky and Lejun Zhang acknowledge the financial support of the Australian Research Council through the Industrial Transformation Research Hub grant and Center of Excellence Funding Programs. This is a Finnish Geosciences Research Laboratory (SGL) contribution. Hong-Wei Qiao and Hao-Ran Zhang of Henan Found Mining Ltd. and Ji-Xiang Sui and Ke-Fei Tang from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) provided logistic help during the field work. We are indebted to Sarah Gilbert and Jay Thompson for assistance with LA-ICPMS analyses at CODES, University of Tasmania. The manuscript benefitted significantly from careful reviews by Dr. Alan Boyle and Dr. Denis Fougerouse. Our thanks extend to Associate Editor Prof. Steven Reddy for editorial handling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China

    Zhan-Ke Li & Jian-Wei Li

  2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China

    Jian-Wei Li & Wen Zhang

  3. Transforming the Mining Value Chain, CODES, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia

    David R. Cooke, Leonid Danyushevsky & Lejun Zhang

  4. Geological Survey of Finland, P. O. Box 96, 02151, Espoo, Finland

    Hugh O’Brien & Yann Lahaye

  5. Center for Global Tectonics, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China

    Hai-Jun Xu

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  1. Zhan-Ke Li
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  2. Jian-Wei Li
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Correspondence to Jian-Wei Li.

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Communicated by Steven Reddy.

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Li, ZK., Li, JW., Cooke, D.R. et al. Textures, trace elements, and Pb isotopes of sulfides from the Haopinggou vein deposit, southern North China Craton: implications for discrete Au and Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization. Contrib Mineral Petrol 171, 99 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-016-1309-x

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