Abstract
An experimental seasonal drought forecasting system is developed based on 29-year (1982–2010) seasonal meteorological hindcasts generated by the climate models from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) project. This system made use of a bias correction and spatial downscaling method, and a distributed time-variant gain model (DTVGM) hydrologic model. DTVGM was calibrated using observed daily hydrological data and its streamflow simulations achieved Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.727 and 0.724 during calibration (1978–1995) and validation (1996–2005) periods, respectively, at the Danjiangkou reservoir station. The experimental seasonal drought forecasting system (known as NMME-DTVGM) is used to generate seasonal drought forecasts. The forecasts were evaluated against the reference forecasts (i.e., persistence forecast and climatological forecast). The NMME-DTVGM drought forecasts have higher detectability and accuracy and lower false alarm rate than the reference forecasts at different lead times (from 1 to 4 months) during the cold-dry season. No apparent advantage is shown in drought predictions during spring and summer seasons because of a long memory of the initial conditions in spring and a lower predictive skill for precipitation in summer. Overall, the NMME-based seasonal drought forecasting system has meaningful skill in predicting drought several months in advance, which can provide critical information for drought preparedness and response planning as well as the sustainable practice of water resource conservation over the basin.












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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41475093), the Intergovernmental Key International S&T Innovation Cooperation Program (No. 2016YFE0102400) and the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Open Research Program (No. 2015LASW-A05).
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This paper is a contribution to the special collection on the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) seasonal prediction experiment. The special collection focuses on documenting the use of the NMME system database for research ranging from predictability studies, to multi-model prediction evaluation and diagnostics, to emerging applications of climate predictability for subseasonal to seasonal predictions.This special issue is coordinated by Annarita Mariotti (NOAA), Heather Archambault (NOAA), Jin Huang (NOAA), Ben Kirtman (University of Miami) and Gabriele Villarini (University of Iowa).
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Ma, F., Ye, A. & Duan, Q. Seasonal drought ensemble predictions based on multiple climate models in the upper Han River Basin, China. Clim Dyn 53, 7447–7460 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3577-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3577-1