Abstract
Cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to radiative processes are examined through analysis of cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments of Typhoon Fitow (2013) during landfall. The budget analysis shows that the increase in the mean rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds corresponds to the decrease in accretion of raindrops by cloud ice in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds, but the rainfall is insensitive to radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds. The increases in the mean rainfall resulting from the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds correspond to the enhanced net condensation. The increases (decreases) in maximum rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence (absence) of radiative effects of ice clouds, or the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds in the presence (absence) of radiative effects of water clouds, correspond mainly to the enhancements (reductions) in net condensation.
The mean rain rate is a product of rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage. The radiation-induced difference in the mean rain rate is related to the difference in rain intensity. The radiation-induced difference in the maximum rain rate is associated with the difference in the fractional coverage of maximum rainfall.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chou, M.-D., 1992: A solar radiation model for use in climate studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 762–772.
Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1994: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation model. NASA Tech. Memo. 104606, Vol. 3, 85 pp. [Available from NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 913, Greenbelt, MD20771.]
Chou, M. D., D. P. Kratz, and W. Ridgway, 1991: Infrared radiation parameterizations in numerical climate models. J. Climate, 4, 424–437.
Chou, M. D., M. J. Suarez, C. H. Ho, M. M. H. Yan, and K. T. Lee, 1998: Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single-scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models. J. Climate, 11, 202–214.
Cui, X. P., and X. F. Li, 2006: Role of surface evaporation in surface rainfall processes. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17112, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006876.
Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale twodimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077–3107.
Gao, S. T., and X. F. Li, 2008: Cloud-resolving Modeling of Convective Processes. Springer, Dordrecht, 206 pp.
Gao, S. T., and X. F. Li, 2010: Precipitation equations and their applications to the analysis of diurnal variation of tropical oceanic rainfall. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D08204, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012452.
Gao, S. T., X. P. Cui, Y. S. Zhou, and X. F. Li, 2005: Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud-resolving model. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10202, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005467.
Gao, S. T., X. P. Cui, and X. F. Li, 2009: A modeling study of diurnal rainfall variations during the 21-day period of TOGA COARE. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 26, 895–905, doi: 10.1007/ s00376-009-8123-6.
Grabowski, W. W., X. Q. Wu, M. W. Moncrieff, and W. D. Hall, 1998: Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part II: Effects of resolution and the third spatial dimension. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3264–3282.
Gray, W. M., and R. W. Jacobson Jr., 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171–1188.
Khairoutdinov, M. F., and D. A. Randall, 2003: Cloud-resolving modeling of the ARM summer 1997 IOP: Model formulation, results, uncertainties, and sensitivities. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 607–625.
Krueger, S. K., Q. Fu, K. N. Liou, and H.-N. S. Chin, 1995: Improvement of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 281–287.
Li, X. F., and S. T. Gao, 2011: Precipitation Modeling and Quantitative Analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, 240 pp.
Li, X. F., C.-H. Sui, K.-M. Lau, and M.-D. Chou, 1999: Largescale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3028–3042.
Li, X. F., C.-H. Sui, and K.-M. Lau, 2002: Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2481–2491.
Li, X. F., G. Q. Zhai, S. T. Gao, and X. Y. Shen, 2014: A new convective-stratiform rainfall separation scheme. Atmos. Sci. Lett., 15, 245–251.
Li, X. F., G. Q. Zhai, P. J. Zhu, and R. Liu, 2015: An equilibrium cloud-resolving modeling study of diurnal variation of tropical rainfall. Dyn. Atmos. Ocean, 71, 108–117.
Lilly, D. K., 1988: Cirrus outflow dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1594–1605.
Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065–1092.
Ping, F., Z. Luo, and H. Wang, 2011: Effects of ice and water clouds on rainfall: A partitioning analysis based on surface rainfall budget. Atmos. Sci. Lett., 12, 300–308.
Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Part VIII: A model for the “seederfeeder” process in warm-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185–1206.
Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1984: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Part XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949–2972.
Soong, S. T., and Y. Ogura, 1980: Response of tradewind cumuli to large-scale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2035–2050.
Soong, S. T., and W.-K. Tao, 1980: Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to Mesoscale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2016–2034.
Sui, C.-H., K.-M. Lau, W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1994: The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 711–728.
Sui, C.-H., K.-M. Lau, Y. N. Takayabu, and D. Short, 1997: Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus convection during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 639–655.
Sui, C.-H., X. Li, and K.-M. Lau, 1998: Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2345–2359.
Sui, C.-H., X. F. Li, M.-J. Yang, and H.-L. Huang, 2005: Estimation of oceanic precipitation efficiency in cloud models. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4358–4370.
Tao, W. K., and S. T. Soong, 1986: A study of the response of deep tropical clouds to mesoscale processes: Three-dimensional numerical experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2653–2676.
Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Part I: Model description. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 4, 35–72.
Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, and S.-T. Soong, 1987: Statistical properties of a cloud ensemble: A numerical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3175–3187.
Tao, W.-K, J. Simpson, and M. McCumber, 1989: An ice-water saturation adjustment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 231–235.
Tao, W. K., J. Simpson, C. H. Sui, B. Ferrier, S. Lang, J. Scala, M. D. Chou, and K. Pickering, 1993: Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 673–690.
Tompkins, A. M., 2000: The impact of dimensionality on longterm cloud-resolving model simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1521–1535.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lou, L., Li, X. Radiative effects on torrential rainfall during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013). Adv. Atmos. Sci. 33, 101–109 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5139-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5139-y