Skip to main content
Log in

Fog research in China: An overview

  • Published:
Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fog can adversely affect human activity directly and indirectly, resulting in large losses both in terms of the local economy and lives. Much effort has been devoted to studies of fog across many areas of China, and in that context this paper aims to summarize climatic characteristics and review fog field experiments and their major results relating to fog mechanisms, physical properties and chemical characteristics. Progress in the application of remote sensing techniques and numerical simulation in fog research are also discussed. In particular, the effects of urbanization and industrialization on fog are highlighted. To end, perspectives on future fog research are outlined. The goal of this review paper is to introduce fog research in China to the global academic community and thus promote international collaboration on fog research. This is important because most papers on fog in China are published in Chinese, which are unreadable for the vast majority of non-Chinese researchers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahn, M., E. Sohn, and B. Hwang, 2003: A new algorithm for sea fog/stratus detection using GMS-5 IR data. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 20(6), 899–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. B., R. E. Baumgardner, V. A. Mohnen, and J. J. Bowser, 1999: Cloud chemistry in the eastern United States, as sampled from three high-elevation sites along the Appalachian Mountains. Atmos. Environ., 33(30), 5105–5114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard, S. P., B. W. Golding, and R. N. B., Smith, 1991: Mesoscale model experimental forecasts of the haar of Northeast Scotland. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2107–2123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, E. H., 1977: A maritime boundary layer model for the prediction of fog. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 11, 267–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bao, B., J. Shu, and B. Zhu, 1995: Study on physicochemical properties of urban fog in Shanghai. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 18(1), 114–118. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beiderwieden, E., T. Wrzesinsky, and O. Klemm, 2005: Chemical characterization of fog and rain water collected at the eastern Andes cordillera. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 2(3), 863–885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beiderwieden, E., A. Schmidt, Y. J. Hsia, S. C. Chang, T. Wrzesinsky, and O. Klemm, 2007: Nutrient input through occult and wet deposition into a subtropical montane cloud forest. Water, Air, and Soil Pollutant, 186, 273–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendix J., and M., Bachmann, 1991: Operational detection of fog in the Alpine region by means of AVHRR imagery of NOAA-satellites. Proc. 5th AVHRR Data Users’ Meeting, Tromsø, Norway, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, 307–312.

  • Bendix, J., B. Thies, J. Cermak, and T. Nauss, 2005: Ground fog detection from space based on MODIS daytime data—A feasibility study. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 989–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendix, J., B. Thies, T. Nauss, and J. Cermak, 2006: A feasibility study of daytime fog and low stratus detection with TERRA/AQUA-MODIS over land. Meteor. Appl., 13, 111–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergot, T., and D. Guedalia, 1994: Numerical forecasting of radiation fog. Part I: Numerical model and sensitivity tests. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1218–1230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bott, A., 1991: On the influence of the physico-chemical properties of aerosols on the life cycle of radiation fogs. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 56, 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bott, A., U. Sievers, and W. Zdunkowski, 1990: A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2153–2166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R., 1980: A numerical study of radiation fog with an explicit formulation of the microphysics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106(450), 781–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R., and W. T. Roach, 1976: The physical radiation fog: II. A numerical study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 335–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byers, H. R., 1959: General Meteorology. 3rd., McGraw Hill, New York, 540pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Z., X. Fang, X. Wu, and X. Li, 2007: A study on a heavy fog process after snowfall in the beginning of 2007. Meteorological Monthly, 33(9), 52–58. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., S. Niu, and L. Zhong, 2006: Detection and analysis of fog based on MODIS data. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 29(4), 448–454. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, S., 1992: The urban climate of Shanghai. Atmos. Environ., 26B, 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croft, P. J., R. L. Pfost, J. M. Medlin, and G. A. Johnson, 1997: Fog forecasting for the Southern Region: A conceptual model approach. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 545–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, J., J. Bai, J. Liu, X. Wang, and H. Shi, 2006: Detection of daytime fog using MODIS multispectral data. Meteorological Science and Technology, 34(2), 188–193. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng, X., D. Wu, and Y. Ye, 2002: Physical characteristics of dense fog at Nanling Mountain region. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 18(3), 227–236. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng, X., D. Wu, Y. Shi, H. Tang, S. Fan, H. Huang, W. Mao, and Y. Ye, 2007: Comprehensive analysis of the macro- and micro-physical characteristics of dense fog in the area south of the Nanling Mountains. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 23(5), 424–434. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, G., and Coauthors, 1991: Characters of cloudfog water in Lu Shan Mountain. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 49(2), 190–197. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, J., H. Lei, Z. Hu, W. Xiao, and X. Zhang, 2006: Numerical simulation and diagnosis of a dense fog in Beijing and its penumbra. Climatic and Environmental Research, 11(2), 175–184. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Duynkerke, P. G., 1991a: Observation of a quasi-periodic oscillation due to gravity waves in a shallow radiation fog. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1207–1224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duynkerke, P. G., 1991b: Radiation fog: A comparison of model simulation with detailed observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 324–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duynkerke, P. G., 1999: Turbulence, radiation and fog in Dutch stable boundary layers. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 90, 447–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Editorial Board of Weather Monthly, 1958: Cloud, Fog and Precipitation. Popular Science Press, Beijing, 80pp. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge, R. G., 1966: Haze and fog aerosol distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 605–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge, R. G., 1971: The relationship between visibility and liquid water content in fog. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1183–1186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellrod, G. P., 1995: Advances in the detection and analysis of fog at night using GOES multispectral infrared imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 10(2), 606–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eugster, W., R. Burkard, F. Holwerda, F. N. Scatena, and L. A. Bruijnzeel, 2006: Characteristics of fog and fogwater fluxes in a Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest. Agric. For. Meteor., 139, 288–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyre, J. R., J. L. Brownscombe, and R. J. Allam, 1984: Detection of fog at night using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery. Meteor. Mag., 113, 266–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Q., A. Wang, S. Fan, D. Wu, and X. Deng, 2003a: Numerical prediction experiment of an advection fog in Nanling mountain area. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 17, 337–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Q., D. Wu, S. Fan, W. Meng, J. Li, X. Deng, and A. Wang, 2003b: Numerical simulation of a heavy fog in Guangzhou. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 42(1), 83–86. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Q., A. Wang, S. Fan, D. Wu, and J. Liang, 2004: Numerical simulation study of a radiation fog in Pearl River Delta regions. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica, 24(1), 2–8. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Q., A. Wang, S. Fan, J. Li, D. Wu, and J. Liang, 2005: Numerical experiment research of a marine fog event in the Pearl River Estuary region. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 19(2), 231–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, Y., G. Zhang, B. Zhu, M. Pu, D. Liu, and W. Yan, 2009: A study on a rare radiation-advection fog (II)—the analysis of chemical characteristics of fog water. Scientia Meterologica Sinica, 29(1), 17–24. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisak, J., M. Tesar, D. Rezacova, V. Elias, V. Weignerova, and D. Fottova, 2002: Pollutant concentrations in fog and low cloud water at selected sites of the Czech Republic. Atmos. Res., 64(1–4), 75–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, E. L., and P. Caplan, 1963: An experiment in the numerical prediction of fog and stratus. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 425–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedlein, M. T., 2004: Dense fog climatology. Chicago O’Hare International Airport, July 1996–April 2002. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 515–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, G., T. Zhang, and F. Zhou, 2002: Three-dimensional numerical simulation of real sea fog event over the Yellow Sea. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 32(6), 859–867. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, G., J. Wang, M. Zhang, J. Guo, M. Guo, and K. Guo, 2004: An observational and numerical study of a sea fog event over the Yellow Sea on 11 April, 2004. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 34(5), 720–726. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, G., J. Guo, S.-P. Xie, Y. Duan, and M. Zhang, 2006: Analysis and high-resolution modeling of a dense sea fog event over the Yellow Sea. Atmos. Res., 81, 293–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, G., J. Guo, A. Pendergrass, and P. Li, 2008: An analysis and modeling study of a sea fog event over the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Journal of Ocean University of China, 7(1), 27–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuzzi, S., R. A. Castillo, J. E. Kiusto, and G. G. Lala, 1984: Chemical composition of radiation fog water at Albany, New York, and its relationship to fog microphysics. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 7159–7164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, S., H. Lin, B. Shen, and G. Fu, 2007: A heavy sea fog event over the Yellow Sea in March 2005: analysis and numerical modeling. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 24(1), 65–81. doi: 10.1007/s00376-007-0065-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-García, F., U. Virafuentes, and G. Montero-Martínez, 2002: Fine-scale measurements of fog-droplet concentrations: A preliminary assessment. Atmos. Res., 64, 179–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, H. E., 1981: Microstructure of a radiation fog. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 454–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, H. E., 1991: Supersaturation and droplet spectral evolution in fog. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2569–2588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasow, R. V., and A. Bott, 1999: Interaction of radiation fog with tall vegetation. Atmos. Environ., 33, 1333–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, B. W., 1993: A study of the influence of terrain on fog development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2529–2541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, S., and S. Ling, 1996: Fog decreasing in Xishuangbanna region. Meteorological Monthly, 22(11), 10–14. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guedalia, D., and T. Bergot, 1994: Numerical forecasting of radiation fog. Part II: A comparison of model simulation with several observed fog events. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1231–1246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gultepe, I., and G. A. Isaac, 2004: An analysis of cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) for climate studies: Emphasis on constant Nd. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130,Part A (602), 2377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gultepe, I., and J. A. Milbrandt, 2007: Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project. Pure Appl. Geophy., 164, 1161–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gultepe, I., G. A. Isaac, and K. Strawbridge, 2001: Variability of cloud microphysical and optical parameters obtained from aircraft and satellite remote sensing during RACE. Int. J. Climatol., 21(3), 507–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gultepe, I., M. D. Muller, and Z. Boybey, 2006: A new warm fog parameterization scheme for numerical weather prediction models. J. Appl. Meteor., 45, 1469–1480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gultepe, I., and Coauthors, 2007: Fog research: a review of past achievements and future perspectives. Pure and Appl. Geophy., 164, 1121–1159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gultepe, I., and Coauthors, 2009: The fog remote sensing and modeling field project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90(2), 341–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, E., X. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Chen, M. Su, and Y. Yao, 1989: A study on macro-and micro-structures of fog in Shuangliu airport. Proc. National cloud physics and weather modification conference, Huhhot of Inner Mongolia, Committee of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Meteorological Society, 35–35. (in Chinese)

  • Guo, L., and S. Zhang, 2007: Formative characteristics and its change of fog in central coastal plain of Hebei Province. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 30(3), 359–364. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, X., and G. Zheng, 2009: Advances in weather modification from 1997 to 2007 in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 26(2), 240–252. doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-0240-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurka, J. J., 1978: The role of inward mixing in the dissipation of fog and stratus. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106(11), 1633–1635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurka, J. J., and V. J. Oliver, 1974: Fog persistence under a cirrus band. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102(12), 869–870.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, Z., and L. Zhan, 1962: On the growth of the droplets under gravitational coalescence in a fluctuating environment. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 32(3), 301–307. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, H., 1993: Acid deposition chemistry in Japan. Bulletin of the Institution of Public Health, 42, 426–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, H., and Coauthors, 1995: Precipitation chemistry in Japan 1989–1993. Water, Air, and Soil Pollutant, 85(4), 2307–2312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, L., F. Li, and Z. Li, 2006: Dynamic and thermal features of a sustained heavy fog event in Huabei Plain. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 17(2), 160–168. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • He, Y., B. Zhu, and L. Ma, 2003: The physical process of Chongqing fog’s genesis and dissipation in Winter. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 26(6), 821–828. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Herckes, P., H. Wortham, P. Mirabel, and M. Millet, 2002: Evolution of the fogwater composition in Strasbourg (France) from 1990 to 1999. Atmos. Res., 64, 53–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holets, S., and R. N. Swanson, 1981: High-inversion fog episodes in Central California. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 890–899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, Z., and M. Huang, 1965: The second maximum and other related characteristics of the Southern Mountain cloud spectra. The Study on Microphysics of Cloud/Fog Precipitation in China, Science Press, 18–29. (in Chinese)

  • Hu, R., and F. Zhou, 1997: A numerical study on the effects of air-sea conditions on the process of sea fog. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 27(3), 282–289. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, R., K. Dong, and F. Zhou, 2006: Numerical experiments with the advection, turbulence and radiation effects in the sea fog formation process. Advances in Marine Science, 24(2), 156–165. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, Z., 2007: Observational analysis and numerical simulation of precipitation stratiform cloud and fog. Ph.D thesis, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 158pp. (in Chinese)

  • Huang, J., Q. Mei, Y. Ji, and Z. Li, 1998a: Microphysical structure features and evolution processes of radiation fog in Huning Region. Meteorological Monthly, 24(5), 3–7. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J., S. Zhu, and B. Zhu, 1998b: Characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer during radiation fog. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 21(2), 258–265. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J., Z. Li, Y. Huang, and Y. Huang, 2000a: A three-dimensional model study of complex terrain fog. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 24(6), 821–834. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, P., and L. Guo, 1986: Numerical simulation of radiation fog formation. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica, 6(2), 68–74. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, P., X. Sun, F. Kong, W. Wang, and X. Zeng, 1998c: Numerical study on the advection-radiation fog of June 9, 1980 in the opening area of the Yangtze River to sea. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica, 18(2), 128–134. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., W. Xu, Z. Li, L. Fan, and W. Huang, 1992a: An observation and analysis on the radiation fog in Xishuangbanna. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 50(1), 112–117. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., H. Guo, and F. Liu, 1992b: The chemical composition of radiative fog-water industrial and non-industrial districts. Acta Geographica Sinica, 47(1), 66–73. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., Y. Huang, Z. Li, B. Chen, J. Huang, and J. Gu, 2000b: The microphysical structure and evolution of winter fog in Xishuangbanna. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 58(6), 715–725. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., Y. Shen, Y. Huang, and Y. Tan, 2001: Effects of urbanization on radiation fog in Xishuangbanna area. Plateau Meteorology, 20(2), 186–190. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, D., and M. Hoffmann, 1983: A Dynamic Model for the Production of H+, NO3/−, and SO4/2− in Urban Fog. J. Geophys. Res., 88(C11), 6611–6621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji, C., W. Liu, and C. Xuan, 2006: Impact of urban growth on the heat island in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 49(1), 69–77. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji, R., F. Dai, and X. Ban, 2004: Application of NOAA/AVHRR data in monitoring fog disaster. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 24(2), 149–152. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y., Q. Wang, Z. Wang, and X. Xu, 2009: On the atmospheric boundary layer character of an advection-radiation fog process and the ionic species concentration of fog water. Meteorological Monthly, 35(2), 19–28. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jing, X., X. Zhang, and B. Lan, 2005: Characteristic analysis and prediction index study of fog in urban area of Harbin Dity. Journal of Natural Disasters, 14(2), 47–49. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ju, W., H. Sun, Z. Zhang, and M. Xu, 1997: A Study on the Application of Remote Sensing Data to Monitoring of the Fog for Huning Expressway. Remote Sensing Information, 3, 25–27. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulmala, M., A. Laaksonen, R. J. Charlson, and P. Korhonen, 1997: Clouds without supersaturation. Nature, 388, 336–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunkel, B. A., 1984: Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models. J. Appl. Meteor., 23, 34–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaDochy, S., 2005: The disappearance of dense fog in Los Angeles: Another urban impact? Phys. Geogr., 26(3), 177–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landsberg, H. E., 1981: The Urban Climate, Academic Press, New York, 275pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. F., 1987: Urban clear areas in California central valley fog. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1794–1796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. F., F. J. Turk, and K. Richardson, 1997: Stratus and fog products using GOES—8–9 3.9-µm data. Wea. Forecasting, 12(2), 664–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. M., D. Korain, and K. T. Redmond, 2004: Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States: A historical essay including outlook. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 395–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, Y., X. Chen, and Z. Xia, 2008: Monitoring fog using FY-1D meteorological satellite. Geo-spatial Information Science, 11(2), 107–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D., M. Chen, and D. Shao, 1999a: Study on air pollution and composition of fog in Shanghai. Shanghai Environmental Sciences, 18(3), 117–120. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., C. Chen, and Q. Gong, 2007: Study on heavy fog evolving rule and it’s response to global warming in Liaoning Province. Research of Environmental Sciences, 20(2), 112–117. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., K. Chen, K. Wang, A. Liang, and H. Shen, 2008a: Statistic analysis and classification of fogs at Beijing Capital International Airport. Meteorological Science and Technology, 36(6), 717–723. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., H. Sun, X. Li, Y. Tang, and M. Xu, 2001: Study on detection of daytime fog using GMS-5 weather satellite data. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 24(3), 121–129. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., H. Sun, M. Xu, and P. Gao, 2002: Study on the characters of fog dissipation using satellite data. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 17(1), 17–21. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., G. Zhang, M. Pu, B. Zhu, and Z. Li, 2008b: The chemical composition of fog water in the winter of 2006 of Nanjing. China Environmental Science, 28(5), 395–400. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., 2001: Study of fog in China over the past 40 years. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 59(5), 616–624. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., and L. Zhang, 1992: The effects of mountainous wind on the formation and development of Chongqing Fog. Chongqing Environmental Science, 14(3), 7–11. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., and X. Tu, 1993: Winter space-time distribution of boundary layer meteorological elements with their relation to fog formation in Chongqing urban districts. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 16(3), 329–333. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., and Z. Peng, 1994: Physical and chemical characteristics of the Chongqing winter fog. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 52(4), 477–483. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., and J. Wu, 1995: Winter fog droplet spectrum features in urban area of Chongqing. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 18(1), 46–51. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., and X. Tu, 1996: The influence of urban aerosol with humidity effect on temperature during night. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 20(3), 359–366. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., L. Zhong, and X. Yu, 1992: The temporal-spatial distribution and physical structure of land fog in Southwest China and the Changjiang River Basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 47(3), 242–251. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., L. Zhang, and X. Lou, 1993: The macro- and micro-structure of winter fog in the Chongqing urban district and the physical cause of its formation. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 16(1), 48–54. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., L. Zhang, and Q. Zhang, 1994: The physical structure of the winter fog in Chongqing metropolitan area and its formation process. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 8(3), 316–328. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., S. Dong, and Z. Peng, 1996: Spatial/temporal variabilities of chemical constituents fog water sampled in Chongqing. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 19(1), 63–68. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., C. Shi, and T. Lu, 1997: 3D model study on fog over complex terrain-part II: Numerical experiments. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 11(1), 88–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., J. Huang, Y. Huang, Z. Yang, and Q. Wang, 1999b: Study on the physical process of winter valley fog in Xishuangbanna Region. Acta Meteor. Sinica, 13(4), 494–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., J. Huang, B. Sun, and H. Peng, 1999c: Burst characteristics during the development of radiation fog. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 23(5), 623–631. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., J. Huang, Y. Zhou, and S. Zhu, 1999d: Physical structures of the five-day sustained fog around Nanjing in 1996. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 57(5), 622–631. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., W. Wang, J. Gao, Y. Pang, M. Wang, and D. Tang, 1996: Preliminary study on the characteristics of acid fog in Minnan area. Research of Environmental Sciences, 9(5), 30–32. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., J. Xu, and Z. Fang, 1999: Analysis of the particle sizes at top of cloud and fog with NOAA/AVHHR data. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology, 10(1), 28–33. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, N., J. Jiang, and X. Wu, 2007: Fog judgment based on the support vector machine by remote sensing data. Meteorological Monthly, 33(10), 73–79. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., and X. Hu, 2008: Sea fog automatic detection over the East China Sea using MTSAT data. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 27(1), 112–117. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu X., H. Zhang, Q. Li, and Y. Zhu, 2005: Preliminary research on the climatic characteristics and change of fog in China. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 16(2), 220–230. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, C., and S. Niu, 2008: Study on microphysical characteristics of winter fog in Nanjing area, China. Proc. 2008 International Workshop on Education Technology and Training and 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Shanghai, China, IEEE Computer Society, USA, Volume I, 273–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, C., and S. Niu, 2009: Fog and precipitation chemistry in Nanjing, China. Proc. Environmental Pollution and Public Health, Special Track within the 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, USA (CD-ROM).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, C., S. Niu, J. Yang, and W. Wang, 2008a: An observational study on physical mechanism and boundary layer structure of winter advection fog in Nanjing. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 31(4), 520–529. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, C., S. Niu, J. Yang, W. Wang, and J. Lü, 2008b: Formation/dissipation mechanism and boundary layer structure of a winter radiation fog in Nanjing. Proc. the 15th Chinese National Science Meeting on Clouds and Precipitation and Weather Modification, Changchun, Jilin, China, Weather Modification Committee of Chinese Meteorological Society, National Weather Modification Conference Coordination Office, Weather Modification Center of China Meteorological Administration, 635–638. (in Chinese)

  • Ma, H., D. Li, L. Liu, and Y. Liang, 2005a: Fog detection based on EOSMODIS data. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 30(2), 143–145. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, H., D. Li, L. Liu, and Y. Liang, 2007: Fog dynamic change detection based on AVHRR, MODIS and MVIRS data. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 32(4), 297–300. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y., Y. Ren, C. Chen, and C. Chu, 2005b: Change characteristic of fog and analysis on weather process of heavy fog in Xinjiang in nearly 40 years. Arid Land Geography, 28(4), 474–478. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M. B., J. E. Jiusto, and G. G. Lala, 1980: Measurement of visual range and radiation-fog (haze) microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 622–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, M., and S. Payra, 2006: Relation between fog formation and accumulation mode aerosols in urban environment of megacity Delhi. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 26(4), 294–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, M., and S. Payra, 2009: Influence of aerosol spectrum and air pollutants on fog formation in urban environment of megacity Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 151(1–4), 265–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mo, T., and S. Xu, 1989: The fog water acidity and chemical composition in Zhoushan region. Shanghai Environmental Sciences, 8(8), 22–26. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Munger, J.W., D. J. Waldman, and M. R. Hoffman, 1983: Fog water chemistry in an urban atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5109–5123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noonkester, V. R., 1979: Coastal marine fog in southern California. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 830–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagowski, M., I. Gultepe, and P. King, 2004: Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in Southern Ontario. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandis, S. N., and J. H. Seinfeld, 1989: Mathematical Modeling of Acid Deposition Due to Radiation Fog. J. Geophys. Res., 94(D10), 12911–12923.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandis, S. N., J. H. Seinfeld, and C. Pilinis, 1990: Chemical composition differences in fog and cloud droplets of different sizes. Atmos. Environ. Part A. General Topics, 24(7), 1957–1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, H., and Z. Li, 1992: One-dimension numerical model of radiation fog with detailed microphysics. Chongqing Environmental Science, 14(3), 49–54. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Z., G. Chen, Y. Zhang, and J. Chen, 1992: Acid mechanism of fog and its physical condition in Chongqing. Chongqing Environmental Science, 14(3), 12–15. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilié, R. J., E. J. Mack, W. C. Kocmond, W. J. Eadie, and C. W. Rogers, 1975a: The life cycle of valley fog, Part II: Fog Microphysics. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 364–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilié, R. J., E. J. Mack, W. C. Kocmond, C. W. Rogers, and W. J. Eadie, 1975b: The life cycle of valley fog, Part I: Micrometeorological characteristics. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 347–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinnick, R. G., D. L. Hoihjelle, G. Fernandez, E. B. Stenmark, J. D. Lindberg, and G. B. Hoidale, 1978: Vertical structure in atmospheric fog and haze and its effects on visible and infrared extinction. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2020–2032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, M., and X. Lei, 1990: Numerical simulation study of a radiation fog over Yangtze River. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 14(4), 483–489. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roach, W. T., R. Brown, S. J. Caughey, J. A., Garland, C. J. Readings, 1976: The physics of radiation fog. Part I: A field study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 313–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roquelaure, S., and T. Bergot, 2009: Contributions from a Local Ensemble Prediction System (LEPS) for improving fog and low cloud forecasts at airports. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 39–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachweh, M., and P. Koepke, 1995: Radiation fog and urban climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(9), 1073–1076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachweh, M., and P. Koepke, 1997: Fog dynamics in an urbanized area. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 58, 87–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schemenauer, R. S., C. M. Banic, and N. Urquizo, 1995: High elevation fog and precipitation chemistry in southern Quebec, Canada. Atmos. Environ., 29(17), 2235–2252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, C., X. Sun, J, Yang, and Z. Li, 1996: 3D model study on fog over complex terrain-part I: Numerical study. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 10(4), 493–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi, C., M. Roth, H. Zhang, and Z. Li, 2008a: Impacts of urbanization on long-term fog variation in Anhui Province, China. Atmos. Environ., 42, 8484–8492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, H., H. Wang, L. Qi, and J. Bai, 2005: Numerical simulation of radiation fog event in Yangtze River. Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 6(4), 404–408. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi, Y., X. Deng, Z. Hu, and D. Wu, 2006: Three-dimensional numerical study on dense fog over mountain area. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 22(4), 351–359. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi, Z., K. He, Y. Chen, F. Yang, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, and Y. Ma, 2008b: Influence of fog processes on characteristics of individual particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing. Environmental Science, 29(3), 551–556. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, R., 2000: Comparative Analysis on the PBL temperature and wind structures during advection fog and radiation fog. Marine Forecasts, 17(3), 11–20. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, H., Z. Sun, and Y. Li, 2004: Meteorological satellite remote-sensing spectral characteristics of fog. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 27(3), 289–301. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X., H. Xu, G. Li, and M. Huang, 1990: Two-dimensional modeling of the advection-radiation fogs on the sea-land interface. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 6(1), 52–56. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X., H. Xu, G. Li, and M. Huang, 1991: Two-dimension numerical model of advection-radiation fogs. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 15(6), 99–109. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y., 1994: Disaster-Causing Dense Fog. China Meteorological Press, 149pp. (in Chinese)

  • Tago, H., H. Kimura, K. Kozawa, and K. Fujie, 2006: Long-term observation of fogwater composition at two mountainous sites in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 175(1–4), 375–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, H., S. Fan, D. Wu, and X. Deng, 2002: Research of the microphysical structure and evolution of dense fog over Nanling Mountain area. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 41(4), 92–96. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, L., S. Niu, C. Lu, X. Xu, J. Xu, S. Fan and Z. Li, 2008: An observational study on contents of heavy metals in fog water and air pollution in the north suburb of Nanjing. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 31(4), 592–598. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tardif, R., and R. Rasmussen, 2007: Event-based climatology and typology of fog in the New York City region. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 1141–1168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G. I., 1917: The formation of fog and mists. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 43, 241–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian, H., 2004: Ensemble prediction system at NMC/CMA. Bimonthly of Xinjiang Meteorology, 27(5), 1–3, 6. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomasi, C., and F. Tampieri, 1976: Features of the proportionality coefficient in the relationship between visibility and liquid water content in haze and fog. Atmosphere, 14, 61–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J., R. J. Allam, and D. R. Maine, 1986: Case study of the detection of fog at night using channels 3 and 4 on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Meteor. Mag., 115, 285–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turton, J. D., and R. Brown, 1987: A comparison of a numerical model of radiation fog with detailed observation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113(475), 37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twohy, C. H., P. A. Durkee, B. J. Huebert, and R. J. Charlson, 1995: Effects of aerosol particles on the microphysics of coastal stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 8, 773–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, S. J., G. P. Ellrod, and A. L. Kuhnert, 2004: A multiple-case analysis of nocturnal radiation-fog development in the central valley of California utilizing the GOES nighttime fog product. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 297–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, W., R. Herrmann, R. Eiden, and O. Klemm, 1987: A comparison of the chemical composition of fog and rainwater collected in the Fichtelgebirge, F.R. of Germany, and the South Island of New Zealand. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 38, 210–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wan, Q., D. Wu, and Y. Ye, 2004: Effects of micro-terrain in Nanling mountains on fog intension over leeward slopes. Plateau Meteorology, 23(5), 709–713. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., 1985: Sea Fog. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 352pp. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., and D. D. Baldocchi, 1989: A numerical model for simulating the radiation regime within a deciduous forest canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 46, 313–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., and W. Qu, 1997: Sea fog forecast in Qingdao area. Marine Forecasts, 14(3), 52–57. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., S. Chen, and A. Dong, 2005: The distribution and seasonal variations of fog in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 60(4), 134–139. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P., and Z. Li, 1989: Cloud Microphysics. China Meteorological Press, Beijing, 486pp. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., and J. Wang, 2004: Discussion on several relative problems of fog disaster. Journal of Natural Disasters, 13(2), 134–139. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, R. M., and M. G. Ravichandran, 1986: Prediction of Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in Radiation Fogs. Part I: Comparison of Simple Similarity Approaches. J. Atmos. Sci., 43(7), 633–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wobrock, W., and Coauthors, 1992: Meteorological characteristics of the Po Valley fog. Tellus, 44B, 469–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willett, H. C., 1928: Fog and haze, their causes, distribution, and forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 56, 435–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witiw, M. R., and S. LaDochy, 2008: Trends in fog frequencies in the Los Angeles Basin. Atmos. Res., 87, 293–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wrzesinsky, T., and O. Klemm, 2000: Summertime fog chemistry at a mountainous site in central Europe. Atmos. Environ., 34(9), 1487–1496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., H. Zhang, C. Zhang, Z. Wang, L. Yu, B. Liu, and Y. Jie, 2008: Analysis of the micro-meteorologic element during the advection fog period in the south of Tianjin city. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 44(5), 744–750. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, D., X. Deng, Y. Ye, and W. Mao, 2004: The study of fog-water chemical composition in Dayaoshan of Nanling Mountain. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 62(4), 476–485. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, H., C. Liu, J. Shao, X. Wang, 2000: Analysis and forecast on fog formation in Beijing area. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology, 11(1), 123–127. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, X., and S. Zhang, 2008: Imminent forecast of fog dissipation using satellite remote sensing and its dissipation type: A case study of middle-east China. Journal of Natural Disaster, 17(6), 134–138. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, B., D. Liu, and D. Liao: 2003: Analysis of characteristics of fog and its change in Chongqing. Meteorological Monthly, 29(2), 48–52. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, S., Z. Xue, S. Qu, D. Jiang, and B. Zou, 2001: Summer arctic sea fog. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 23(6), 40–50. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, S., D. Jiang, B. Zou, and Z. Xue, 2002: Role of sea ice in air-sea exchange and its relation to sea fog. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 14(1), 44–56. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H., 1963: Further analysis on the precipitation of a shallow warm-cloud in a fluctuating vertical airstream. Some Academic Problems on the Microphysics of Cloud, Fog and Precipitation. Z. Gu., Ed., Science Press, Beijing, 11–15. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H., and Z. Gu, 1963: On the formation of the precipitation element in a shallow warm-cloud. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 33(1), 108–114. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H., B. Deng, X. Zhou, and Q. Wang, 2002: Effect of fog on urban boundary layer and environment. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 13(Suppl.), 170–176. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J., S. Niu, C. Lu, J. Lv, W. Wang, and L. Xiang, 2009: Observational studies on microphysical structures of winter advection fogs in Nanjing. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 32(2), 269–276. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J., Z. Zhang, and H. Wei, 1994: Measurement and analysis of droplet spectrum and liquid water content of sea fog. Transaction of Oceanology and Limnology, 2, 174–178. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, S., 1984: On the relationship between sea fog/coastal fog and atmospheric pollution. Marine Science Bulletin, 3(5), 81–85. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z., S. Xu, and B. Geng, 1989: The formation mechanism and microphysical structure of spring fog in Zhoushan area. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 11(4), 431–438. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, Q., and S. Xu, 1993: A numerical study on the formation and dissipation of radiation fog(I)—The numerical model of radiation fog. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 51(3), 351–360. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, Q., and S. Xu, 1994: A numerical study on the formation and dissipation of radiation fog(II)—The physical mechanism of radiation fog. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 52(1), 60–67. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X., M. Su, and Y. Yao, 1990: Survey and analysis on fog in the Yangtze River basin. Meteorological Monthly, 16(1), 46–49. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zdunkowski, W. G., and B. C. Nielsen, 1969: A preliminary predication analysis of radiation fog. Pure Appl. Geophys., 75, 278–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zdunkowski, W. G., and A. E. Barr, 1972: A radiative conductive model for prediction of radiation fog. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 2, 152–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, X., and P. Huang, 1998: A numerical model of advection-radiation fog within shallow-water swamp-land area. Climatic and Environmental Research, 3(2), 266–273. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C., Y. Cai, and J. Zhang, 2009: The application of monitoring sea fog in Taiwan Strait using MODIS remote sensing data. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 20(1), 8–16. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, F., M. Zhou, and N. Lü, 1987: A numerical study on radiation fogs, lower stratocumulus and the IR effects on nocturnal boundary layer. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 11(2), 128–137. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, G., L. Bian, J. Wang, Y. Yang, W. Yao, and X. Xu, 2005: Boundary layer structure of fog occurred in Beijing and its surrounding areas. Science in China (D), 35(Suppl. I), 73–83. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., and Z. Li, 1993: A two-dimensional time-integral numerical model of Chongqing fog. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 17(6), 750–755. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., C. Shi, J. Yang, and Z. Li, 2002: Numerical Simulation of Fog Events. China Meteorological Press, Beijing, 140pp. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Q., C. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and Q. Wan, 2007: Study on the uncertainty of ensemble forecasting of tropical cyclone. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 50(3), 701–706. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S., 2003: Application of EOS-MODIS data to monitoring fog in Shaanxi Province. Journal of Catastrophology, 17(2), 23–26. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S., and X. Bao, 2008: The main advances in sea fog research in China. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 38(3), 359–366. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S., D. Ding, Z. Fu, T. Feng, and H. Li, 2008: Application of grey relational grade in fog disaster evaluation in Beijing region. Journal of Catastrophology, 23(3), 54–61. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., and Y. Wang, 2007: Statistic characteristic analysis of fog in southwest Shandong Province. Meteorological Monthly, 33(11), 82–86. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhan, L., W. Chen, and M. Huang, 1965: Preliminary analysis on the microphysical heterogeneity of clouds in South Mountain and Taishan Mountain. The Study on Microphysics of Cloud/Fog Precipitation in China, Science Press, Beijing, 30–40. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, F., Q. Ding, T. Sun, Q. Kong, F. Hu, S. Xun, and H. Shao, 2002: An iterative algorithm for the retrieval of cloud properties from NOAA-AVHRR imagery. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 60(5), 594–601. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, B., 1987: The numerical modeling of radiation fog. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 45(1), 21–29. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, B., 1994: On the relationship between fog and air pollution. Meteorological Monthly, 20(9), 19–24. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, B., and B. S. Ferrier, 2008: Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium in radiation fog. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 1704–1722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, B., J. Du, B. Ferrier, J. McQueen, and G. Dimego, 2007: Numerical forecast of fog-central solutions. Proc. 18 th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Park City, UT, American Meteorological Society, 25–29.

  • Zhou, H., J. Tan, W. Ge, and C. Yang, 2003: Automatic detection and repair method on cloud-fog with satellite data. Advances in Natural Science, 12(3), 41–47. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, S., and Z. Chen, 1979: On the fog of Yangtze River Mouth-the formation of the fog and its frequency and distribution. Navigation of China, 1, 1–31. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X., Q. Wang, B. Deng, and H. Xu, 2004: Numerical simulation on the boundary layer structure during a heavy fog process over Beijing metropolitan area. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 62(4), 468–475. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X., X. Zhou, Y. Wu, and J. Zhai, 2008: Detection of nighttime fog using MODIS data. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 33(6), 581–583. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Z., Y. Zhu, Z. Yao, and X. Ju, 2006: Regional dense fog time sequence with its annual and decadal variation in the Sichuan Basin. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 17(5), 567–573. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Z., Y. Zhu, and X. Ju, 2007: Dense fog events and their climatic characteristics in Yangtze Delta region. Advances in Natural Science, 17(1), 66–71. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, B., Z. Li, J. Huang, J. Yang, Y. Huang, and Y. Huang, 2000: Chemical compositions of the city and suburban of Xishuangbanna. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 20(3), 316–321. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, P., and R. Jiang, 1995: Numerical study of oscillation phenomena in radiation fogs. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 19(2), 228–234. (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shengjie Niu  (牛生杰).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Niu, S., Lu, C., Yu, H. et al. Fog research in China: An overview. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 27, 639–662 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-8174-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-8174-8

Key words

Navigation