Abstract
The present work reports the dynamics of an isolated ferrofluid slug of predefined length driven by air inside a dry capillary under the influence of constant as well as time dependent magnetic fields. It is shown that the pressure characteristic (pressure drop across the slug versus time) of slug, due to the supportive (slug at upstream of magnet) and resistive nature (slug at downstream of magnet) of the magnetic force field, exhibits a drop and rise pattern. We also noted that the peak pressure becomes constant beyond a threshold slug length \(\left( {L/D = 10} \right)\) for a given strength of applied field. Also, we observed that the pressure characteristics of the slug are qualitatively similar for both types of magnetic perturbation, though, differ quantitatively due to the development of complex force field in the magnetically influenced zone. Substantial draining of liquid film has been observed from the receding meniscus of the slug, under constant magnetic field at two different regions viz., as the slug enters into the “Magnetically Assisted (MA)” zone and when it leaves from the “Magnetically Opposed (MO)” zone (From here onwards, we will be using “MA” and “MO” zones unambiguously.). Finally, the effect of the alternating magnetic field modulated by the frequencies \(\left( f \right)\) gives rise to an impulsive force on the slug in the magnetically influenced zone, which in turn leads to accelerated–decelerated motion of the slug. This accelerated–decelerated motion yields substantial amount of film deposition on the wall for \(f = 3\) Hz. A theoretical model is developed and subsequently compared with the experimental results, for estimation of the maximum pressure drop exhibited by the ferrofluid slug in presence of magnetic field. The inferences drawn from the study may have far reaching consequences in designing microscale thermal management systems/devices.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aminfar H, Mohammadpourfard M, Ahangar Zonouzi S (2013) Numerical study of the ferrofluid flow and heat transfer through a rectangular duct in the presence of a non-uniform transverse magnetic field. J Magn Magn Mater 327:31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.09.011
Aussillous P, Quéré D (2000) Quick deposition of a fluid on the wall of a tube. Phys Fluids 12:2367. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1289396
Blake TD (2006) The physics of moving wetting lines. J Colloid Interface Sci 299:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.051
Bretherton FP (1961) The motion of long bubbles in tubes. J Fluid Mech 10:166–188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112061000160
Cubaud T, Ho CM (2004) Transport of bubbles in square microchannels. Phys Fluids 16:4575–4585. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1813871
Dasgupta D, Mondal PK, Chakraborty S (2014) Thermocapillary-actuated contact-line motion of immiscible binary fluids over substrates with patterned wettability in narrow confinement. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.023011
De Lózar A, Hazel AL, Juel A (2007) Scaling properties of coating flows in rectangular channels. Phys Rev Lett 99:234501. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.234501
Devasenathipathy S, Santiago JG, Wereley ST, Meinhart CD, Takehara K (2003) Particle imaging techniques for microfabricated fluidic systems. Exp Fluids 34:504–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-003-0588-y
Dong M, Chatzis I (2004) An experimental investigation of retention of liquids in corners of a square capillary. J Colloid Interface Sci 273:306–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.11.052
Elfimova EA, Ivanov AO, Camp PJ (2013) Thermodynamics of ferrofluids in applied magnetic fields. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.88.042310
Ganguly R, Sen S, Puri IK (2004) Heat transfer augmentation using a magnetic fluid under the influence of a line dipole. J Magn Magn Mater 271(1):63–73
Gavili A, Zabihi F, Isfahani TD, Sabbaghzadeh J (2012) The thermal conductivity of water base ferrofluids under magnetic field. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 41:94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.03.016
Griffiths DJ, Inglefield C (2005) Introduction to electrodynamics. Am J Phys 73(6):574–574. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4766311
Günther A, Khan SA, Thalmann M, Trachsel F, Jensen KF (2004) Transport and reaction in microscale segmented gas-liquid flow. Lab Chip 4:278–286. https://doi.org/10.1039/b403982c
Hernández-Contreras M, Ruíz-Estrada H (2003) Transport properties of ferrofluids. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Top 68:8. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.68.031202
Khandekar S, Groll M (2004) An insight into thermo-hydrodynamic coupling in closed loop pulsating heat pipes. Int J Therm Sci 43:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1290-0729(03)00100-5
Kolb WB, Cerro RL (1991) Coating the inside of a capillary of square cross section. Chem Eng Sci 46:2181–2195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(91)85119-I
Kolb WB, Cerro RL (1992) The motion of long bubbles in tubes of square cross section. Phys Fluids A 5:1549–1557. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.858832
Odenbach S (2008) Ferrofluids: magnetically controllable fluids and their applications. Springer, Berlin
Lajvardi M, Moghimi-Rad J, Hadi I, Gavili A, Dallali Isfahani T, Zabihi F, Sabbaghzadeh J (2010) Experimental investigation for enhanced ferrofluid heat transfer under magnetic field effect. J Magn Magn Mater 322:3508–3513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.06.054
Mondal PK, DasGupta D, Bandopadhyay A, Ghosh U, Chakraborty S (2015) Contact line dynamics of electroosmotic flows of incompressible binary fluid system with density and viscosity contrasts. Phys Fluids 27:32109. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4915891
Müller HW, Liu M (2001) Structure of ferrofluid dynamics. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Top 64:7. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.64.061405
Neuringer JL, Rosensweig RE (1964) Ferrohydrodynamics. Phys Fluids 7:1927–1937. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1711103
Parekh K, Lee HS (2010) Magnetic field induced enhancement in thermal conductivity of magnetite nanofluid. J Appl Phys 107:09A310. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3348387
Philip J, Shima PD, Raj B (2007) Enhancement of thermal conductivity in magnetite based nanofluid due to chainlike structures. Appl Phys Lett 91:203108. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2812699
Rosensweig RE (2013) Ferrohydrodynamics. Dover Publications, New York
Şeşen M, Tekşen Y, Şendur K, Pınar Mengüç M, Öztürk H, Yağcı Acar HF, Koşar A (2012) Heat transfer enhancement with actuation of magnetic nanoparticles suspended in a base fluid. J Appl Phys 112:64320. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4752729
Shyam S, Mehta B, Mondal PK, Wongwises S (2019) Investigation into the thermo-hydrodynamics of ferrofluid flow under the influence of constant and alternating magnetic field by InfraRed thermography. Int J Heat Mass Transf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.02.050
Shyam S, Asfer M, Mehta B, Mondal PK, Almutairi ZA (2020a) Magnetic field driven actuation of sessile ferrofluid droplets in the presence of a time dependent magnetic field. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124116
Shyam S, Mondal PK, Mehta B (2020b) Field driven evaporation kinetics of a sessile ferrofluid droplet on a soft substrate. Soft Matter. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00345j
Signe Mamba S, Magniez JC, Zoueshtiagh F, Baudoin M (2018) Dynamics of a liquid plug in a capillary tube under cyclic forcing: memory effects and airway reopening. J Fluid Mech 838:165–191. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.828
Spernjak D, Prasad AK, Advani SG (2007) Experimental investigation of liquid water formation and transport in a transparent single-serpentine PEM fuel cell. J Power Sources 170:334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.020
Srinivasan V, Khandekar S, Bouamrane N, Lefevre F, Bonjour J (2015) Motion of an isolated liquid plug inside a capillary tube: effect of contact angle hysteresis. Exp Fluids 56:14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-014-1881-7
Tanner LH (1979) The spreading of silicone oil drops on horizontal surfaces. J Phys D Appl Phys 12:1473–1484. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/12/9/009
Taylor GI (1960) Deposition of a viscous fluid on a plane surface. J Fluid Mech 9:218–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112060001055
Thome J (2004) Boiling in microchannels: a review of experiment and theory. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 25:128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2003.11.005
Triplett KA, Ghiaasiaan SM, Abdel-Khalik SI, Sadowski DL (1999) Gas–liquid two-phase flow in microchannels part I: two-phase flow patterns. Int J Multiph Flow 25:377–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9322(98)00054-8
Wright B, Thomas D, Hong H, Groven L, Puszynski J, Duke E, Ye X, Jin S (2007) Magnetic field enhanced thermal conductivity in heat transfer nanofluids containing Ni coated single wall carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett 91:173116. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2801507
Xu R (2001) Particle characterization: light scattering methods. Springer, Amsterdam
Xuan Y, Li Q, Ye M (2007) Investigations of convective heat transfer in ferrofluid microflows using lattice-Boltzmann approach. Int J Therm Sci 46:105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2006.04.002
Yen TJ, Fang N, Zhang X, Lu GQ, Wang CY (2003) A micro methanol fuel cell operating at near room temperature. Appl Phys Lett 83:4056–4058. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1625429
Zhang Y, Faghri A (2002) Heat transfer in a pulsating heat pipe with open end. Int J Heat Mass Transf 45:755–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00203-4
Zheng Y, Fujioka H, Grotberg JB (2007) Effects of gravity, inertia, and surfactant on steady plug propagation in a two-dimensional channel. Phys Fluids 19:82107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2762256
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial grants obtained from DST-SERB through Grant nos. ECR/2016/000611 and ECR/2016/000702/ES. The authors also acknowledge the CIF, IIT Guwahati for the characterization of ferrofluid.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary file1 (MP4 8633 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shyam, S., Yadav, A., Gawade, Y. et al. Dynamics of a single isolated ferrofluid plug inside a micro-capillary in the presence of externally applied magnetic field. Exp Fluids 61, 210 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-03043-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-03043-0