Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for chlorophyll biosynthesis and functions in chloroplasts. Fe deficiency provokes negative effects on photochemical efficiency and electron transport. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBR) is a natural molecule with potential advantages, including a natural origin, biodegradability and high plant steroid bioactivity, improving metabolism and inducing tolerance during stress. Present study was aimed to investigate whether pre-treatment with EBR can trigger protective roles in soybean plants cultivated under the conditions of Fe deficiency and to evaluate the responses linked to the nutritional status, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence. The study was carried out using a completely randomized design with four treatments (0 nM EBR + 250 µM Fe, 0 nM EBR + 2.5 µM Fe, 100 nM EBR + 250 µM Fe and 100 nM EBR + 2.5 µM Fe). Results revealed that the exogenous EBR minimized the damage caused by Fe deficiency. This steroid maximized the Fe content in the leaf, stem and root, as well as improved the nutrient content and metal homeostasis, as confirmed by the increased detection of Fe2+/Mg2+, Fe2+/Mn2+ and Fe2+/Cu2+ ratios in plants under Fe deficiency. Additionally, plants under Fe deficiency and sprayed with EBR had improvements on chloroplastic pigments, with significant increases in chlorophyll a (14%), chlorophyll b (23%), total chlorophyll (15%) and carotenoids (28%). Steroid also increased the photochemical efficiency, positively regulating electron transport and reducing the negative impacts associated with photoinhibition in photosystem II. Therefore, pre-treatment with EBR improved the nutrient contents and physiological performance of soybean plants under the conditions of Fe limitation.
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Data Availability
Data are available upon request to the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- BRs:
-
Brassinosteroids
- CA:
-
Carbonic anhydrase
- CAR:
-
Carotenoids
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- Chl a :
-
Chlorophyll a
- Chl b :
-
Chlorophyll b
- C i :
-
Intercellular CO2 concentration
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- Cu:
-
Copper
- E :
-
Transpiration rate
- EBR:
-
24-Epibrassinolide
- EDS:
-
Equatorial diameter of the stomata
- EL:
-
Electrolyte leakage
- ETAb:
-
Epidermis thickness from abaxial leaf side
- ETAd:
-
Epidermis thickness from adaxial leaf side
- ETR:
-
Electron transport rate
- ETR/P N :
-
Ratio between the apparent electron transport rate and net photosynthetic rate
- EXC:
-
Relative energy excess at the PSII level
- F 0 :
-
Minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state
- Fe:
-
Iron
- F m :
-
Maximal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state
- F v :
-
Variable fluorescence
- F v/F m :
-
Maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry
- g s :
-
Stomatal conductance
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- K:
-
Potassium
- LDM:
-
Leaf dry matter
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- Mg:
-
Magnesium
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Mo:
-
Molybdenum
- NPQ:
-
Nonphotochemical quenching
- O2 − :
-
Superoxide
- P:
-
Phosphorus
- PDS:
-
Polar diameter of the stomata
- P N :
-
Net photosynthetic rate
- P N/C i :
-
Instantaneous carboxylation efficiency
- POX:
-
Peroxidase
- PPT:
-
Palisade parenchyma thickness
- PSII:
-
Photosystem II
- q P :
-
Photochemical quenching
- RCD:
-
Root cortex diameter
- RDM:
-
Root dry matter
- RMD:
-
Root metaxylem diameter
- RDT:
-
Root endodermis thickness
- RET:
-
Root epidermis thickness
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RuBisCO:
-
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- SD:
-
Stomatal density
- SDM:
-
Stem dry matter
- SF:
-
Stomatal functionality
- SI:
-
Stomatal index
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- SPT:
-
Spongy parenchyma thickness
- TDM:
-
Total dry matter
- Total Chl:
-
Total Chlorophyll
- VCD:
-
Vascular cylinder diameter
- WUE:
-
Water-use efficiency
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- ΦPSII :
-
Effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry
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Acknowledgements
This research was funded by Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas (FAPESPA/Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (PGAGRO/Brazil) and Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA/Brazil) to AKSL. Additionally, LRS was supported by a scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/Brazil). Authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researches Supporting Project Number (RSP 2020/236) from King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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AKSL was the advisor of this project, planning all phases of this research. LRS, LSP and YCP conducted the experiment in the greenhouse and performed physiological, biochemical and morphological determinations, while BRSS measured anatomical parameters and BLB performed nutritional determinations and helped in drafting the manuscript and in interpreting the results. AAA critically revised and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved final version of manuscript.
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dos Santos, L.R., Paula, L.d.S., Pereira, Y.C. et al. Brassinosteroids-Mediated Amelioration of Iron Deficiency in Soybean Plants: Beneficial Effects on the Nutritional Status, Photosynthetic Pigments and Chlorophyll Fluorescence. J Plant Growth Regul 40, 1803–1823 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10232-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10232-y