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Low-Nitrogen Stress Stimulates Lateral Root Initiation and Nitrogen Assimilation in Wheat: Roles of Phytohormone Signaling

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Abstract

Nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the factors limiting crop productivity worldwide. As major forms of N, nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) regulate plant growth as signals. Although there are abundant studies on the response of many plants to N stress, the mechanism by which wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots adapt to low N, especially to low-NH4+ stress, has not been fully elucidated. In this study, wheat seedlings were planted in 1/2-strength Hoagland’s solution containing 5 mM NO3−, 0.1 mM NO3−, or 0.1 mM NH4+ to characterize root physiological responses to N deficit. Under low-N stress, root fresh weight, lateral root number increased compared with those under control conditions. Moreover, the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (CKs), gibberellin (GA3), and jasmonic acid (JA) increased, while the salicylic acid (SA) concentration decreased under low-N stress. Assays using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) showed that H+-ATPase activity, the H+ efflux, and the IAA influx increased, while N influx decreased under low-N stress. Further study revealed that low-NO3− stress increased nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, while low-NH4+ stress increased the activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. In conclusion, low-N stress altered root IAA, CKs, GA3, JA, and SA concentrations; increased H+-ATPase activity and H+ efflux; promoted an increase in lateral root number and thus N absorption area. Besides, low-N stress increased the activities of key enzymes related to N assimilation, promoted protein biosynthesis, and ultimately enhanced root growth.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (2016YFD0300403), the Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology and Industry System (SDAIT-01-06), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801282) ,and the National Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-3-1-21).

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  1. Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China

    Xuemei Lv, Yunxiu Zhang, Yan Zhang, Bin Zhang, Haiyong Xia, Wanying Du & Lingan Kong

  2. College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China

    Xuemei Lv, Yan Zhang, Wanying Du, Shoujin Fan & Lingan Kong

  3. Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China

    Ling Hu

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  1. Xuemei Lv
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LK conceived and designed the experiments; XL and YZ performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript; LH and YZ analyzed the data; SF and BZ modified main text and made some of figures for this manuscript. HX, WD, and XL determined the phytohormone concentration and analyzed the data; LK improved the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Lingan Kong.

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Lv, X., Zhang, Y., Hu, L. et al. Low-Nitrogen Stress Stimulates Lateral Root Initiation and Nitrogen Assimilation in Wheat: Roles of Phytohormone Signaling. J Plant Growth Regul 40, 436–450 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10112-5

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