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Circumpolar genetic population structure of polar cod, Boreogadus saida

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Abstract

Polar cod, Boreogadus saida, is an important part of Arctic and boreal marine ecosystems. Knowledge of polar cod population genetic structuring can provide insight into how the species may respond to environmental change, and allow for establishment of meaningful management units. To examine population genetic structure of B. saida, we analysed nine microsatellite DNA loci in 2269 fish collected at 19 locations across the species’ range. Genetic differentiation was detected (FST = 0.01, p < 0.01), which had concordance with geography. A Canada East group consisted of fish collected from Resolute Bay to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Three additional groups were observed. These consisted of a Canada West group containing specimens from the Canadian Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf, a Europe group containing specimens from the Greenland Sea, Iceland and the Laptev Sea, and a US group consisting of specimens collected in the North Bering, Chukchi and Western Beaufort seas. Very little genetic differentiation was detected within the identified groups. Physical distance, geophysical structure and oceanography all appeared to have the potential to influence levels of genetic divergence. The population genetic structure detected is likely to be important for the response of B. saida to environmental change, and should be considered in management of human activities that may impact this foundational species.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge those who, beside the authors, have contributed samples and expertise to this study: J.S. Christiansen, S-E. Fevolden, D. Archambault, T. Siferd, B. Norcross, K. Dunton and S. Pálsson. We thank the numerous institutions that have contributed funding for this study, including the North Pacific Research Board, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada), ArcticNet, the W. Garfield Weston Foundation, the TUNU-Programme (IPY ID: 318), UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, and the Canada First Research Excellence Fund. The authors are grateful for the insightful and constructive reviews of Marvin Choquet, Kimberly Howland and an anonymous reviewer which greatly improved this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, V8L 5T5, Canada

    R. J. Nelson

  2. University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada

    R. J. Nelson

  3. Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    C. Bouchard & L. Fortier

  4. Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland

    C. Bouchard

  5. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada

    A. R. Majewski & J. D. Reist

  6. Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway

    K. Præbel

  7. Agder County Council, Arendal Upper Secondary School, 4836, Arendal, Norway

    M. L. Madsen

  8. Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    G. A. Rose

  9. Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, 60605, IL, USA

    S. T. Kessel

  10. Cooper Island Arctic Research, Seattle, 98112, WA, USA

    G. J. Divoky

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  1. R. J. Nelson
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Correspondence to R. J. Nelson.

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Fish collections were obtained opportunistically rather than expressly for the study described. Applicable permits held by contributors of samples in Canadian waters were from Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and for the specimens contributed by the Arctic Net program see https://arcticnet.ulaval.ca/expeditions. For collections in the Greenland Sea, permits from the Government of Greenland were held for TUNU-Programme (IPY ID: 318). Fish were handled according to permitting conditions.

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This article belongs to the special issue on the “Arctic Gadids in a Changing Climate”, coordinated by Franz Mueter, Haakon Hop, Benjamin Laurel, Caroline Bouchard, and Brenda Norcross.

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Nelson, R.J., Bouchard, C., Fortier, L. et al. Circumpolar genetic population structure of polar cod, Boreogadus saida. Polar Biol 43, 951–961 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02660-z

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