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Deep genetic divergence between austral populations of the red alga Gigartina skottsbergii reveals a cryptic species endemic to the Antarctic continent

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Abstract

The almost complete isolation of Antarctica after the intensification the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC) during the middle-Miocene has been challenged by recent molecular data showing the existence of allelic exchange across the ACC. For organisms present on both sides of the ACC, two hypotheses have then been discussed to explain the origin of the Antarctic populations: (1) They correspond to recent immigrants from adjacent continents, or (2) they have evolved in situ and have survived the dramatic effects of the last Quaternary glaciations in this region. The red algae Gigartina skottsbergii presents a disjoint distribution and is reported in both Antarctica and southern South America, a distribution pattern that largely exceeds its dispersal capacity. Mitochondrial sequences of the intergenic region Cox2-3 (n = 233) and partial chloroplastic RuBisCo large subunit gene (n = 26) sequences were obtained for individuals from the Chilean sub-Antarctic ecoregion and Antarctic Peninsula localities. The results strongly support the persistence of populations on each side of the Drake Passage during glacial periods and the existence of dispersal barrier due to the ACC. On both sides of the ACC, the last Quaternary glaciations have induced strong bottlenecks that were followed by rapid colonization events.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Instituto Antártico Chileno (INACH) Project T_16-11. EB is granted by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Project “Genomics Applied To Genetic Resources” cofinanced by North Portugal Regional Operational Programme 2007/2013 (ON.2—O Novo Norte), under the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Additional support came from the International Research Network “Diversity, Evolution and Biotechnology of Marine Algae” (GDRI No 0803) and from the CONICYT FONDECYT/REGULAR N 1140940. The authors thank P. Brunning, J. L. Kappes, T. Heran, Y. Henriquez, J. Ojeda and L. Vallejos for their help in the field and M. E. Ramírez for her help in identification of vouchers from Antarctica and E. Giles for English correction. The authors would also like to thank C. González-Wevar and four anonymous reviewers for their critical comments and valuable suggestions, which helped to improve this manuscript. We also thank the Chilean Navy (especially the captain and crew of the ships Almirante Oscar Viel and Lautaro), the staff from the Chilean Army in the O’Higgins base and the Air Force of Chile (FACh) for the logistic support of our fieldwork in sub-Antarctica and Antarctica.

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  1. Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

    Jeanette Reyes & Marie-Laure Guillemin

  2. Center Invest Biodiversidade and Recursos Genet, CIBIO InBIO, Univ. Porto, 4485668, Vairao, Portugal

    Emmanuelle Billard

  3. Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas, Universidad de Magallanes, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Punta Arenas, Chile

    Andres Mansilla

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Conservación Marina and CeBiB, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Sylvain Faugeron

  5. UMI 3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, France

    Sylvain Faugeron & Marie-Laure Guillemin

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  1. Emmanuelle Billard
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Billard, E., Reyes, J., Mansilla, A. et al. Deep genetic divergence between austral populations of the red alga Gigartina skottsbergii reveals a cryptic species endemic to the Antarctic continent. Polar Biol 38, 2021–2034 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1762-4

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