Zusammenfassung
Die Hodentumoren lassen sich in Keimzelltumoren (KZT) und Keimstrang-/Stromatumoren unterteilen, wobei die Keimzelltumoren ca. 90–95 % aller Hodentumoren repräsentieren. Die testikulären Keimzelltumoren stellen die häufigsten soliden Neoplasien des jungen Mannes im Alter von 20 bis 40 Jahren mit einer steigenden Inzidenz insbesondere in den Industrieländern dar. Bei den Keimzelltumoren erfolgt die Therapie risikoadaptiert in Abhängigkeit von der primären Histologie, pathohistologischen und molekularen Prognosefaktoren des Primärtumors, dem initialen Ausbreitungsstadium sowie der Ansprechrate auf die systemische Chemotherapie bei metastasierten Tumoren. Die Kenntnis der pathohistologischen Besonderheiten des Primärtumors und seiner Prognosefaktoren ist für den behandelnden Urologen und Onkologen von immanenter Bedeutung, um eine Unter- oder Übertherapie zu vermeiden. Etablierte, retrospektiv und prospektiv validierte Prognosefaktoren bei nichtseminomatösen KZT (NSKZT) im klinischen Stadium I sind der prozentuale Anteil des embryonalen Karzinoms sowie der Nachweis einer vaskulären Invasion. Beim Seminom im klinischen Stadium stellen die Tumorgröße sowie die Infiltration des Rete testis Prognosefaktoren dar, die jedoch nur in retrospektiven Studien identifiziert, aber nicht prospektiv validiert wurden. Die quantitative Pathohistologie des Primärtumors ist beim metastasierten NSKZT von therapeutischer Bedeutung, wenn die Indikation zur postchemotherapeutischen retroperitonealen Lymphadenektomie bei kleinen Residualtumoren diskutiert werden muss: Fehlende oder minimale Anteile eines Teratoms im Primarius erlauben eine abwartende Strategie, große Teratomanteile machen eine Residualtumoresektion notwendig. Die Kenntnis der quantitativen Pathohistologie resezierter Residualtumoren sowie des Vorkommens von Teratomen mit maligner Transformation ist für die Indikation einer adjuvanten Chemotherapie (< 10 vs. > 10 % vitales Tumorgewebe), der Resektion hepatischer oder thorakaler Residuen unabdingbar. Bezüglich der gonadalen Stromatumoren ist die Kenntnis nukleärer Atypien, erhöhter Mitoseraten sowie erhöhter Wachstumsfraktionen für die Therapieplanung wichtig.
Abstract
Testicular tumors can be divided into germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors. Malignant testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) represent about 90–95 % of all testicular tumors and are the most common solid neoplasms in young men aged 20–40 years with an increasing incidence in industrialized countries. Treatment of TGCT is performed by an individual and risk-adapted approach taking primary tumor histology, histopathlogical and molecular prognostic risk factors, tumor stage and for metastasized tumors the response to systemic chemotherapy into consideration. Knowledge of the specific histopathology of the primary tumor and the prognostic factors is of utmost importance for the treating urologist and oncologist in order to avoid undertreatment or overtreatment. Established risk factors which have been validated in retrospective and prospective studies for clinical stage I non-seminomatous TGCT are the presence of vascular invasion and the percentage of embryonal carcinoma. In clinical stage I seminomas tumor size (> 4 cm) and presence of rete testis infiltration have been identified as risk factors in retrospective but not in prospective studies. Quantitative histopathology of the primary tumor is also important for the management of small residual masses following chemotherapy: if the masses are ≤ 1 cm, postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is only indicated if the primary tumor contains ≥ 50 % teratoma. Quantitative pathohistology of the resected residual masses is of importance for the decision-making process of a consolidating chemotherapy which is only of benefit if the amount of vital cancer tissue is > 10 %. Resection of residual hepatic and thoracic masses is indispensable. For gonadal stromal tumors knowledge of atypical nuclear forms, increased rate of mitosis and increased growth fractions are important for therapy planning.
Literatur
Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R et al (2008) European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG): part I. Eur Urol 53:478–496
Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS et al (2010) International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973–2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:1151–1159
Rosen A, Jayram G, Drazer M, Eggener SE (2011) Global trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality. Eur Urol 60:374–379
Brown LM, Pottern LM, Hoover RN et al (1986) Testicular cancer in the United States: trends in incidence and mortality. Int J Epidemiol 15:164–170
Heidenreich A, Krege S, Flasshove M (2004) Interdisciplinary cooperation in the treatment of complex patients with advanced testicular germ cell tumor. Urologe A 43:1521–1530
Krege S, Albers P, Heidenreich A (2011) The role of tumour markers in diagnosis and management of testicular germ cell tumours. Urologe A 50:313–321
Elert A, Olbert P, Hegele A et al (2002) Accuracy of frozen section examination of testicular tumors of uncertain origin. Eur Urol 41:290–293
Heidenreich A, Weissbach L, Höltl W et al (2001) Organ sparing surgery for malignant germ cell tumor of the testis. J Urol 166:2161–2165
Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA (Hrsg) (2004) World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. IARC Press, Lyon, ISBN 92-832-2412-4
Wittekind C, Meyer HJ (2010) TNM-Klassifikation maligner Tumoren, 7. Aufl. UICC, Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim
Warde P, Specht L, Horwich A et al (2002) Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance. J Clin Oncol 20:4448–4452
Read G, Stenning SP, Cullen MH et al (1992) Medical Research Council prospective study of surveillance for stage I testicular teratoma. Medical Research Council Testicular Tumors Working Party. J Clin Oncol 10:1762–1768
Heidenreich A, Sesterhenn IA, Mostofi FK, Moul JW (1998) Prognostic risk factors that identify patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors at low risk and high risk for metastasis. Cancer 83:1002–1011
Dieckmann KP, Kulejewski M, Pichlmeier U, Loy V (2007) Diagnosis of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN) in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: systematic two-site biopsies are more sensitive than a single random biopsy. Eur Urol 51:175–183
Tandstad T, Smaaland R, Solberg A et al (2011) Management of seminomatous testicular cancer: a binational prospective population-based study from the Swedish Norwegian testicular cancer study group. J Clin Oncol 29:719–725
Oldenburg J, Fosså SD, Nuver J et al (2013) Testicular seminoma and non-seminoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 24(Suppl 6):vi125–vi132
Beyer J, Albers P, Altena R et al (2013) Maintaining success, reducing treatment burden, focusing on survivorship: highlights from the third European Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Germ-Cell Cancer. Ann Oncol 24:878–888
Albers P, Siener R, Kliesch S et al (2003) Risk factors for relapse in clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors: results of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group Trial. J Clin Oncol 21:1505–1512
Kollmannsberger C, Moore C, Chi KN et al (2010) Non-risk-adapted surveillance for patients with stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ-cell tumors: diminishing treatment-related morbidity while maintaining efficacy. Ann Oncol 21:1296–1301
Heidenreich A, Moul JW, McLeod DG et al (1997) The role of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in mature teratoma of the testis. J Urol 157:160–163
Rabbani F, Farivar-Mohseni H, Leon A et al (2003) Clinical outcome after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy of patients with pure testicular teratoma. Urology 62:1092–1096
Daneshmand S, Albers P, Fosså SD et al (2012) Contemporary management of postchemotherapy testis cancer. Eur Urol 62:867–876
Oldenburg J, Alfsen GC, Lien HH et al (2003) Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal surgery remains necessary in patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer and minimal residual tumor masses. J Clin Oncol 21:3310–3317
Kollmannsberger C, Daneshmand S, So A et al (2010) Management of disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors with risk-based chemotherapy followed by response-guided postchemotherapy surgery. J Clin Oncol 28:537–542
Ehrlich Y, Brames MJ, Beck SD et al (2010) Long-term follow-up of cisplatin combination chemotherapy in patients with disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: is a postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection needed after complete remission? J Clin Oncol 28:531–536
Necchi A, Colecchia M, Nicolai N et al (2011) Towards the definition of the best management and prognostic factors of teratoma with malignant transformation: a single-institution case series and new proposal. BJU Int 107:1088–1094
Mikuz G, Colecchia M (2012) Teratoma with somatic-type malignant components of the testis. A review and an update. Virchows Arch 461:27–32
Hartmann JT, Candelaria M, Kuczyk MA et al (1997) Comparison of histological results from the resection of residual masses at different sites after chemotherapy for metastatic non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Eur J Cancer 33:843–847
Besse B, Grunenwald D, Fléchon A et al (2009) Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: assessing the need for postchemotherapy contralateral pulmonary resection in patients with ipsilateral complete necrosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 137:448–452
Jacobsen NE, Beck SD, Jacobson LE et al (2010) Is retroperitoneal histology predictive of liver histology at concurrent post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and hepatic resection? J Urol 184:949–953
Fizazi K, Tjulandin S, Salvioni R et al (2001) Viable malignant cells after primary chemotherapy for disseminated nonseminatous germ cell tumors: prognostic factors and role of postsurgery chemotherapy results from an international study. J Clin Oncol 19:2647–2657
Fizazi K, Oldenburg J, Dunant A et al (2008) Assessing prognosis and optimizing treatment in patients with postchemotherapy viable nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCT): results of the sCR2 International Study. Ann Oncol 19:259–264
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. A. Heidenreich, R. Knüchel-Clarke, D. Pfister geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Heidenreich, A., Knüchel-Clarke, R. & Pfister, D. Bedeutung der Pathologie für die Therapieplanung testikulärer Keimzelltumoren. Pathologe 35, 266–273 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-1903-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-1903-5