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Bedeutung der Pathologie für die Therapieplanung testikulärer Keimzelltumoren

Importance of pathology for therapy planning of testicular germ cell tumors

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Zusammenfassung

Die Hodentumoren lassen sich in Keimzelltumoren (KZT) und Keimstrang-/Stromatumoren unterteilen, wobei die Keimzelltumoren ca. 90–95 % aller Hodentumoren repräsentieren. Die testikulären Keimzelltumoren stellen die häufigsten soliden Neoplasien des jungen Mannes im Alter von 20 bis 40 Jahren mit einer steigenden Inzidenz insbesondere in den Industrieländern dar. Bei den Keimzelltumoren erfolgt die Therapie risikoadaptiert in Abhängigkeit von der primären Histologie, pathohistologischen und molekularen Prognosefaktoren des Primärtumors, dem initialen Ausbreitungsstadium sowie der Ansprechrate auf die systemische Chemotherapie bei metastasierten Tumoren. Die Kenntnis der pathohistologischen Besonderheiten des Primärtumors und seiner Prognosefaktoren ist für den behandelnden Urologen und Onkologen von immanenter Bedeutung, um eine Unter- oder Übertherapie zu vermeiden. Etablierte, retrospektiv und prospektiv validierte Prognosefaktoren bei nichtseminomatösen KZT (NSKZT) im klinischen Stadium I sind der prozentuale Anteil des embryonalen Karzinoms sowie der Nachweis einer vaskulären Invasion. Beim Seminom im klinischen Stadium stellen die Tumorgröße sowie die Infiltration des Rete testis Prognosefaktoren dar, die jedoch nur in retrospektiven Studien identifiziert, aber nicht prospektiv validiert wurden. Die quantitative Pathohistologie des Primärtumors ist beim metastasierten NSKZT von therapeutischer Bedeutung, wenn die Indikation zur postchemotherapeutischen retroperitonealen Lymphadenektomie bei kleinen Residualtumoren diskutiert werden muss: Fehlende oder minimale Anteile eines Teratoms im Primarius erlauben eine abwartende Strategie, große Teratomanteile machen eine Residualtumoresektion notwendig. Die Kenntnis der quantitativen Pathohistologie resezierter Residualtumoren sowie des Vorkommens von Teratomen mit maligner Transformation ist für die Indikation einer adjuvanten Chemotherapie (< 10 vs. > 10 % vitales Tumorgewebe), der Resektion hepatischer oder thorakaler Residuen unabdingbar. Bezüglich der gonadalen Stromatumoren ist die Kenntnis nukleärer Atypien, erhöhter Mitoseraten sowie erhöhter Wachstumsfraktionen für die Therapieplanung wichtig.

Abstract

Testicular tumors can be divided into germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors. Malignant testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) represent about 90–95 % of all testicular tumors and are the most common solid neoplasms in young men aged 20–40 years with an increasing incidence in industrialized countries. Treatment of TGCT is performed by an individual and risk-adapted approach taking primary tumor histology, histopathlogical and molecular prognostic risk factors, tumor stage and for metastasized tumors the response to systemic chemotherapy into consideration. Knowledge of the specific histopathology of the primary tumor and the prognostic factors is of utmost importance for the treating urologist and oncologist in order to avoid undertreatment or overtreatment. Established risk factors which have been validated in retrospective and prospective studies for clinical stage I non-seminomatous TGCT are the presence of vascular invasion and the percentage of embryonal carcinoma. In clinical stage I seminomas tumor size (> 4 cm) and presence of rete testis infiltration have been identified as risk factors in retrospective but not in prospective studies. Quantitative histopathology of the primary tumor is also important for the management of small residual masses following chemotherapy: if the masses are ≤ 1 cm, postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is only indicated if the primary tumor contains ≥ 50 % teratoma. Quantitative pathohistology of the resected residual masses is of importance for the decision-making process of a consolidating chemotherapy which is only of benefit if the amount of vital cancer tissue is > 10 %. Resection of residual hepatic and thoracic masses is indispensable. For gonadal stromal tumors knowledge of atypical nuclear forms, increased rate of mitosis and increased growth fractions are important for therapy planning.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. A. Heidenreich, R. Knüchel-Clarke, D. Pfister geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Heidenreich, A., Knüchel-Clarke, R. & Pfister, D. Bedeutung der Pathologie für die Therapieplanung testikulärer Keimzelltumoren. Pathologe 35, 266–273 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-1903-5

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