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Bacterial outer membrane vesicles in disease and preventive medicine

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Abstract

Gram-negative bacteria have the ability to produce outer membrane-derived vesicles (OMVs) that are released into the extracellular milieu. Even though this intriguing phenomenon is well-known since many years, various aspects of bacterial OMVs are not fully described and are still in the process of being characterized in detail. One major reason for this is that depending on the bacterial species and its respective ecological niche, OMVs exhibit an enormous functional diversity. Research of the past years has clearly shown that OMVs of many pathogenic bacteria contribute to the virulence potential by enriching virulence factors and delivering them over long distances, superseding direct bacterial contact with their host. The subsequent interaction of OMVs with the host can occur at different levels regarding the type of immune response or the target cell type and may lead to different outcomes ranging from non-immunogenic activation or a pro-inflammatory response to cytotoxicity. In contrast to being virulence factors, OMVs are used for vaccination purposes in the combat against bacterial pathogens, and recent research thus is focused on to indirectly aim these versatile bacterial weapons against themselves.

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Abbreviations

IL:

Interleukin

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

OMV(s):

Outer membrane vesicle(s)

TIII or TIVSS:

Type III or IV secretion system

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

MCP-1:

Macrophage chemoattractant protein-1

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from Alfred Österlund, the Anna and Edwin Berger, the Janne Elgqvist, the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg, Krapperup, and the Greta and Johan Kock Foundations, the Swedish Medical Research Council, the Cancer Foundation at the University Hospital in Malmö, and Skane county council’s research and development foundation.

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  1. Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden

    Can M. Ünal, Viveka Schaar & Kristian Riesbeck

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  1. Can M. Ünal
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  2. Viveka Schaar
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Correspondence to Kristian Riesbeck.

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This article is published as part of the Special Issue on “Small vesicles as immune modulators.”

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Ünal, C.M., Schaar, V. & Riesbeck, K. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles in disease and preventive medicine. Semin Immunopathol 33, 395–408 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-010-0231-y

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