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Reciprocity and trades in wild West African chimpanzees

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Abstract

Why do animals help other individuals and provide benefits to the recipient, sometimes at personal cost? In this study, we aim to determine if some of the helpful behaviors observed in a group of wild chimpanzees (Taï chimpanzee group, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa) are exchanged among individuals resulting in a net benefit for both participants. We adopted an inclusive view of exchanges by considering that all commodities (i.e., social behaviors as grooming, sex, support, as well as resources, such as meat) can be exchanged. This would result in “market” type social interactions in which debts of one commodity can be met by giving the same or other commodities. We investigated whether both in-kind exchanges and trades of commodities occurred. The Taï chimpanzees reciprocated the amount of grooming they received and were more likely to give support in agonistic conflicts to those who also supported them. In addition, they traded support for meat and meat for sex. Both male and female chimpanzees exchanged many different commodities, which seemed to result in long-term balanced relationships. Our results suggest that wild chimpanzees rely on other group members to obtain many of the important commodities they need.

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Notes

  1. As each predictor variable included in a model affect the remaining predictor variables and the response variable in a different way, it is important to test each variable both as a predictor and as a response variable.

  2. Note that the results of this analysis differ slightly from the ones presented in Gomes et al. (2009). As the goal of each paper was different, so were the analyses. In this analysis, we incorporated all of the dyads, including those in which only one individual in the pair groomed its partner, whereas in Gomes et al. (2009) we did not.

  3. Note that the results of this analysis differ slightly from the ones presented in (Gomes and Boesch 2009). The response variable in this analysis is copulation rate whereas in the previous paper it was total copulation counts.

  4. Many studies have used matrix correlations which allow investigating the relationship between two variables while controlling for a third confounding factor. Although this was the appropriate analysis, and best one available at the time these studies were done, it does not allow investigating the relationships of more than three variables simultaneously. In light of the statistics available now, it would be interesting to reanalyze these data to determine whether there are any differences in the relationships found.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the “Ministère de l'Environnement et des Eaux et Forêts”, the “Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique”, the O.I.P.R., the director of the Taï National Park, and the “Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique” in Abidjan. Special thanks are due to C. Bolé, N. Gouyan, and N. Oulaï for support in collecting behavioral data. We are very grateful to R. Mundry for invaluable help with the statistical analysis and D. Watts, C. Rowney, U. Rowney-Langergraber and two anonymous reviewers for providing input on earlier versions of this manuscript. This project was funded by the Max Planck Society and the Wenner-Gren Foundation.

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  1. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Cristina M. Gomes & Christophe Boesch

  2. Institute for Social, Behavioral and Economic Research, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

    Cristina M. Gomes

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  1. Cristina M. Gomes
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Correspondence to Cristina M. Gomes.

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Gomes, C.M., Boesch, C. Reciprocity and trades in wild West African chimpanzees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65, 2183–2196 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-011-1227-x

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