Abstract
Purpose
Until now, classifications of coracoid fractures have been based on plain radiographs, without use of 3D CT reconstructions. Therefore, the aim of the present study has been to describe the pathoanatomy of these fractures and their associated injuries to the shoulder girdle, on the basis of 3D CT reconstructions.
Methods
The cohort comprised 39 patients, who each sustained a coracoid fracture investigated with 3D CT reconstructions. The patients were assessed in terms of age, gender, pathoanatomy of the coracoid fracture, fractures of other parts of the scapula, and associated injuries to the shoulder girdle.
Results
We identified 24 fractures of the base, one fracture of the beak body, eight fractures of the apex, and six comminuted fractures of the coracoid process. A total of 22 associated injuries were found (7 fractures of the acromion, 5 fractures of the anterior glenoid rim, 3 fractures of the superior glenoid, 1 fracture of the inferior glenoid, 4 fractures of the surgical neck, 2 fractures of the scapular body) and 18 other associated injuries to the shoulder girdle (8 AC dislocations, 5 proximal humeral fractures, and 5 clavicular fractures).
Conclusion
On the basis of 3D CT reconstructions, four basic coracoid fracture patterns were identified. The authors´ findings and literature review have shown that a considerable number of coracoid fractures are combined with injuries to other parts of scapula and shoulder girdle. These associated injuries must be taken into account and targeted when taking the patient’s history, and during clinical and primarily radiological examinations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bartoníček J, Cronier P (2010) History of the treatment of scapula fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 130:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-009-0884-y
Smith DM (1975) Coracoid fracture associated with acromioclavicular dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 108:165–167
DiPaola M, Marchetto P (2009) Coracoid process fracture with acromioclavicular joint separation in an American football player: a case report and literature review. Am J Orthop 38:37–40
Asci M, Gunes T, Bilgie E, Eren MB (2016) Concurrent AC joint dislocation, coracoclavicular ligament rupture and coracoid base fracture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:2206–2208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3524-9
Martin-Herrero T, Rodriguez-Merchan C, Munuera-Martinez L (1990) Fractures of the coracoid process: presentation of seven cases and review of the literature. J Trauma 30:1597–1599
McArthur N, Singh B (2012) Good clinical outcome following non-operative treatment of concomitant fracture of the coracoid process and distal end of clavicle: a case report. J Orthop Case Rep 2:14–16
Allagui M, Koubaa M, Aloui I, Zrig M, Hamdi MF, Abid A (2013) Coracoid fracture combined with distal clavicle fracture without coracoclavicular ligament rupture: A case report. J Clin Orthop Trauma 4:190–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2013.10.002
Lim KE, Wang CR, Chin KC, Chen CJ, Tsai CC, Bullard MJ (1996) Concomitant fractures of the coracoid and acromion after direct shoulder trauma. J Orthop Trauma 10:437–439
Lecoq C, Marck G, Curvale G, Groulier P (2001) Triple fracture du complexe suspenseur superieur de l’epaule: presentation d’un cas. Acta Orthop Belg 267:68–72
Mulawka B, Jacobson A, Schroder LK, Cole PA (2015) Triple and quadruple disruptions of the superior shoulder suspensory complex. J Orthop Trauma 29:264–270
Gonçalves MHL, Garcia JC Jr (2016) A comprehensive review of triple disruptions of the superior shoulder suspensory complex and case report. Acta Shoulder Elbow Surg 1:56–61
Toft F, Moro F (2016) Quadruple disruption of the superior shoulder suspensory complex (SSSC) and outcome after one year of conservative treatment: a case report. J Clin Exp Orthop 2:13
Westphal T, Lippisch R, Jürgens J, Piatek S (2018) Gleichzeitige Frakturen von Acromion und Korakoid [simultaneous fracture of the acromion and coracoid process: rare variant of double disruption of the superior shoulder suspensory complex]. Unfallchirurg 121:968–975
Badam VK, Harsha TSS, Sankineani SR, Rachakonda KR, Bodanki C, Reddy AVG (2019) Triple disruption of the superiror shoulder suspensory complex - a case report. J Orthop Case Rep 9:39–42
Cottias P, le Bellec Y, Jeanrot C, Imbert P, Huten D, Masmejean EH (2000) Fractured coracoid with anterior shoulder dislocation and greater tuberosity fracture - report of a bilateral case. Acta Orthop Scand 79:95–97
Gupta PK, Acharya A, Mourya A (2016) Bilateral coracoid avulsion fracture with unilateral anterior instability with glenoid bone loss: use of avulsed fragment for reconstruction of glenoid. J Orthop Case Rep 6:81–84
te Slaa RL, Verburg H, Marti RK (2001) Fracture of the coracoid process, the greater tuberosity, and the glenoid rim after acute first-time anterior shoulder dislocation: a case report. J Shoulder Elb Surg 10:489–492
Plachel F, Schandla JE, Ortmaier R, Auffarth A, Resch H, Bogner R (2017) The „triple dislocation fracture“: anterior shoulder dislocation with concomitant fracture of the glenoid rim, greater tuberosity and coracoid process - a series of six cases. J Shoulder Elb Surg 26: e278-e285
Wu J, Fu XJ, Sha M, Liu H, Chen ZD, Kang LQ (2016) Treating Eyres type IV and V coracoid fracture using the acromion osteotomy approach. Int Orthop 40:377–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2902-8
Ogawa K, Yoshida A (1997) Fracture of the superior border of the scapula. Int Orthop 21:371–373
Ogawa K, Inokuchi S, Matsui K (1990) Fracture of the coracoid process. Acta Orthop Scand 61:7–8
Ogawa K, Yoshida A, Takahashi M, Ui M (1997) Fractures of the coracoid process. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78-B:17–19
Anavian J, Wijdicks CA, Schroder L, Vang S, Cole PA (2009) Surgery for scapula process fractures. Acta Orthop 80:344–350
Hill BW, Jacobson AR, Anavian J, Cole PA (2014) Surgical management of coracoid fractures: technical tricks and clinical experience. J Orthop Trauma 28(5):e114–e122. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.bot.0000435632.71393.bb
Eyres KS, Brooks A, Stanley D (1995) Fractures of the coracoid process. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77-B:425–428
Goss TP (1996) The scapula: coracoid, acromial and avulsion fractures. Am J Orthop 25:106–115
Bartoníček J, Tuček M, Klika D, Chochola A (2016) Pathoanatomy and computed tomography classification of glenoid fossa fractures based on 90 patients. Int Orthop 40:2383–2392
Baudouin M (1909) Un cas de fracture du col chirurgical de l'omoplate d'origine préhistorique. Arch Provinc Chir 16:575–583
South JF (1839) Case of fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula with partial dislocation of the humerus forwards and fracture of the acromion process of the clavicle. Med Chir Trans 22:100–109
Holmes T (1858) Dislocation of the humerus, upwards and inwards, with fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula. Med Chir Trans 41:447–453
Kelly C (1869) Fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula. Trans Pathol Soc London 20:270
Tanton J (1915) Fractures en général - Fractures des membres - membre supérieur. JB Bailliere, Paris
Bartoníček J, Tuček M, Naňka O (2018) Floating shoulder: myths and reality? J Bone Joint Surg Rew 6(10):e5 1–10
Bartoníček J, Tuček M, Frič V, Obruba P (2014) Fractures of the scapular neck: diagnosis, classifications and treatment. Int Orthop 38:2163–2173
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Prof. Chris Colton MB BS FRCS and Ludmila Bébarová PhD for their assistance in the editing of the manuscript.
Disclaimer
“None”.
Funding
Supported by IP DZRVO MO1012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants, or animals, performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in our scapular research.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bartoníček, J., Tuček, M., Strnad, T. et al. Fractures of the coracoid process – pathoanatomy and classification: based on thirty nine cases with three dimensional computerised tomography reconstructions. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 45, 1009–1015 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04634-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04634-6