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Early, non-invasive detection of radiation-induced lung injury using PET/CT by targeting CXCR4

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European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a severe side effect of radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic malignancies and we currently lack established methods for the early detection of RILI. In this study, we synthesized a new tracer, [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04, targeting C-X-C-chemokine-receptor-type-4 (CXCR4) and investigated its feasibility to detect RILI.

Methods

An RILI rat model was constructed and scanned with [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 PET/CT and [18F]FDG PET/CT periodically after RT. Dynamic, blocking, autoradiography, and histopathological studies were performed on the day of peak uptake. Fourteen patients with radiation pneumonia, developed during or after thoracic RT, were subjected to PET scan using [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04.

Results

The yield of [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 was 28.5–43.2%, and the specific activity was 27–33 GBq/μmol. [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 was mainly excreted through the kidney. Significant increased [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 uptake in the irradiated lung compared with that in the normal lung in the RILI model was observed on day 6 post-RT and peaked on day 14 post-RT, whereas no apparent uptake of [18F]FDG was shown on days 7 and 15 post-RT. MicroCT imaging did not show pneumonia until 42 days post-RT. Significant intense [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 uptake was confirmed by autoradiography. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated expression of CXCR4 was significantly increased in the irradiated lung tissue, which correlated with results obtained from hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. In 14 patients with radiation pneumonia, maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were significantly higher in the irradiated lung compared with those in the normal lung. SUVmax of patients with grade 2 RILI was significantly higher than that of patients with grade 1 RILI.

Conclusion

This study indicated that [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 PET/CT imaging can detect RILI non-invasively and earlier than [18F]FDG PET/CT in a rat model. Clinical studies verified its feasibility, suggesting the clinical potential of [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 as a PET/CT tracer for early monitoring of RILI.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

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Funding

The study was supported by funding from the Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University (2019ZL002), the Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU071), the foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China (81627901, 81972863, 82030082, and 82203014), the foundation of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (ZR201911040452, ZR2019LZL018, ZR2020QH327, and ZR2022QH017), Taishan Scholars Program (NO.tsqn202306386) and the Youth Foundation Cultivation Project of Shandong First Medical University (202201–113).

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Author notes

  1. First authors: Jinli Pei and Kai Cheng contributed equally to this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China

    Jinli Pei, Tianxin Liu, Min Gao, Shijie Wang, Shengnan Xu, Bolin Wang, Jinming Yu & Jie Liu

  2. Department of PET/CT Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China

    Kai Cheng, Yanluan Guo, Li Ma & Wanhu Li

  3. Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Tianxin Liu & Bolin Wang

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  1. Jinli Pei
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Contributions

Conception and design: JY and JL.

Acquiring data: JP, KC, TL, SW, YG, and BW.

Analyzing data: MG, SX, LM, and WL.

Drafting manuscript: JP and JL.

Revising the manuscript: JY and JL.

Approving the final content of the manuscript: All co-authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jie Liu.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

Patients gave their oral and written informed consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute (approval no. SDTHEC2022011022).

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All authors approved the final manuscript and the submission to this journal.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

259_2023_6517_MOESM1_ESM.png

Supplementary file1 (PNG 466 KB) Supplementary Fig. 1. Dose distributions in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal sections and dose–volume histogram (DVH).

259_2023_6517_MOESM2_ESM.png

Supplementary file2 (PNG 9 KB) Supplementary Fig. 2. The stability of [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 in serum (Red line for 2h;Black line for 6h).

Supplementary file3 (TIF 74 KB) Supplementary Fig. 3. Biodistribution studies.

259_2023_6517_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary file4 (TIF 18497 KB) Supplementary Fig. 4. Earlier detection of RILI by [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 PET/CT in comparison with microCT imaging.

259_2023_6517_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Supplementary file5 (TIF 39954 KB) Supplementary Fig. 5. Acute toxicity of [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04. A. Blood biochemistry analysis of mice after treatment with [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 or PBS; B. Representative H&E staining images of the major organs obtained. ALT: glutamic-pyruvic transminase; AST: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; UA: uric acid; CREA: creatinine.

259_2023_6517_MOESM6_ESM.tif

Supplementary file6 (TIF 13921 KB) Supplementary Fig. 6. Representative [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 PET/CT images from patient without RILI. A. Baseline lung CT image before radiotherapy; B. Lung CT image after radiotherapy; C. [18F]AlF-NOTA-QHY-04 PET/CT image taken at one month after radiotherapy; D. Dose–volume histogram for patient, showing the radiation dose to the tumor and normal organs.

Supplementary file7 (DOCX 15 KB) Supplementary Table 1. Clinical characteristics.

Supplementary file8 (DOCX 25 KB)

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Pei, J., Cheng, K., Liu, T. et al. Early, non-invasive detection of radiation-induced lung injury using PET/CT by targeting CXCR4. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 51, 1109–1120 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-023-06517-5

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