References
Cumming P, Burgher B, Patkar O, et al. Sifting through the surfeit of neuroinflammation tracers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38:204–24.
Owen DR, Yeo AJ, Gunn RN, et al. An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32:1–5.
Wadsworth H, Jones PA, Chau WF, et al. [(1)(8)F]GE-180: a novel fluorine-18 labelled PET tracer for imaging translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22:1308–13.
Boutin H, Murray K, Pradillo J, et al. 18F-GE-180: a novel TSPO radiotracer compared to 11C-R-PK11195 in a preclinical model of stroke. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:503–11.
Chaney A, Cropper HC, Johnson EM, et al. (11)C-DPA-713 versus (18)F-GE-180: a preclinical comparison of TSPO-PET tracers to visualize acute and chronic neuroinflammation in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. J Nucl Med. 2018;60(1):122–28.
Sridharan S, Lepelletier FX, Trigg W, et al. Comparative evaluation of three TSPO PET radiotracers in a LPS-induced model of mild neuroinflammation in rats. Mol Imaging Biol. 2017;19:77–89.
Fan Z, Calsolaro V, Atkinson RA, et al. Flutriciclamide (18F-GE180) PET: first-in-human PET study of novel third-generation in vivo marker of human translocator protein. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:1753–9.
Feeney C, Scott G, Raffel J, et al. Kinetic analysis of the translocator protein positron emission tomography ligand [18F]GE-180 in the human brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:2201–10.
Zanotti-Fregonara P, Pascual B, Rizzo G, et al. Head-to-head comparison of (11)C-PBR28 and (18)F-GE180 for quantification of the translocator protein in the human brain. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:1260–6.
Albert NL, Unterrainer M, Fleischmann DF, et al. TSPO PET for glioma imaging using the novel ligand 18F-GE-180: first results in patients with glioblastoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(13):2230–238.
Unterrainer M, Fleischmann DF, Diekmann C, et al. Comparison of (18)F-GE-180 and dynamic (18)F-FET PET in high grade glioma: a double-tracer pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018 Sep 22 [Epub ahead of print].
Unterrainer M, Mahler C, Vomacka L, et al. TSPO PET with [(18)F]GE-180 sensitively detects focal neuroinflammation in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:1423–31.
Vomacka L, Albert NL, Lindner S, et al. TSPO imaging using the novel PET ligand [(18)F]GE-180: quantification approaches in patients with multiple sclerosis. EJNMMI Res. 2017;7:89.
Dickstein LP, Zoghbi SS, Fujimura Y, et al. Comparison of F-18- and C-11-labeled aryloxyanilide analogs to measure translocator protein in human brain using positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:352–7.
Ikawa M, Lohith TG, Shrestha S, et al. 11C-ER176, a radioligand for 18-kDa translocator protein, has adequate sensitivity to robustly image all three affinity genotypes in human brain. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:320–5.
Kreisl WC, Fujita M, Fujimura Y, et al. Comparison of [(11)C]-(R)-PK 11195 and [(11)C]PBR28, two radioligands for translocator protein (18 kDa) in human and monkey: implications for positron emission tomographic imaging of this inflammation biomarker. NeuroImage. 2010;49:2924–32.
Zanotti-Fregonara P, Zhang Y, Jenko KJ, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of translocator 18 kDa protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands with low binding sensitivity to human single nucleotide polymorphism rs6971. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014;5:963–71.
Owen DR, Gunn RN, Rabiner EA, et al. Mixed-affinity binding in humans with 18-kDa translocator protein ligands. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:24–32.
Brown AK, Fujita M, Fujimura Y, et al. Radiation dosimetry and biodistribution in monkey and man of 11C-PBR28: a PET radioligand to image inflammation. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:2072–9.
Gauberti M, Montagne A, Quenault A, Vivien D. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of brain-immune interactions. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:389.
Galldiks N, Ullrich R, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Jacobs AH, Kracht LW. Volumetry of [(11)C]-methionine PET uptake and MRI contrast enhancement in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:84–92.
Pirotte B, Goldman S, Massager N, et al. Comparison of 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine for PET-guided stereotactic brain biopsy of gliomas. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1293–8.
van de Haar HJ, Burgmans S, Jansen JF, et al. Blood-brain barrier leakage in patients with early Alzheimer disease. Radiology. 2016;281:527–35.
Montagne A, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Alzheimer’s disease: a matter of blood-brain barrier dysfunction? J Exp Med. 2017;214:3151–69.
van Assema DM, Lubberink M, Bauer M, et al. Blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein function in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2012;135:181–9.
Deo AK, Borson S, Link JM, et al. Activity of P-glycoprotein, a beta-amyloid transporter at the blood-brain barrier, is compromised in patients with mild Alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1106–11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zanotti-Fregonara, P., Veronese, M., Pascual, B. et al. The validity of 18F-GE180 as a TSPO imaging agent. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 46, 1205–1207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-4268-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-4268-4