Carbon and oxygen isotope records and paleoclimate reconstruction (140–250 ka B.P.) from a stalagmite of Shuinan Cave, Guilin, China

Abstract

The time sequence of paleoclimatic changes from 245.2 to 147.9 ka B.P. has been established by high precision U-series dating by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry and the analysis of the oxygen isotopes from a stalagmite of Shuinan Cave in Guilin. The oxygen isotope pattern is divided into three main intervals. The top part of the stalagmite (interval C) displays mainly relatively heavy oxygen isotopes, mostly −7 to −5‰_VPDB, but at a depth of 86.5 cm below the top, there is a sharp change to values lighter than −8 ‰. This boundary, dated at 192.6 ±3.9 ka B.P. is correlated with the boundary between marine oxygen isotope stages 6 and 7. The underlying interval B has δ¹⁸O values consistently between −7.5 and −8.5‰ until 271 cm depth when there is a sharp rise in δ¹⁸O values towards values as heavy as −5‰. The upper position of this change is dated at 242.5±6.4 ka B.P. and is correlated with the boundary between marine isotope stages 7 and 8. Carbon isotope values lie between −8.5 and −11‰ and are not uniquely high or low in the three intervals, but also show rapid changes at the boundaries between intervals in the same sense as the shifts in δ¹⁸O. The pronounced shifts in δ¹⁸O are attributed to changes in the paleo-monsoon intensity which reflect major reorganizations of the climate system, but some regional characteristics are also present. The results are also consistent with previous studies of climate proxies from loess-palaesol sequences in northern China. These characteristics show that paleo-climate evolution since the late stage of the middle Pleistocene Epoch in the Guilin area not only follows the global characteristics, but also has the strong district or regional patterns.

Appendices

Appendix 1

The δ¹⁸O,δ¹³C isotope records from a stalagmite in Shuinan cave, Guilin Table a

Sample number	δ13C/‰ PDB	δ18O/‰ PDB	Age(TIMS-U)/ka
1	−11.16	−7.32
2	−10.24	−7.11	147.9±2.1
3	−11	−7.15
4	−10.12	−6.87
5	−10.77	−7
6	−10.1	−6.77
7	−10.72	−6.78
8	−10.18	−6.44
9	−10.84	−5.92
10	−10.04	−5.37
11	−9.77	−5.42
12	−9.65	−5.82
13	−10.5	−6.08
14	−9.89	−6.34
15	−10.24	−5.83
16	−9.32	−5.93
17	−10.24	−7.28	169.1±4.8
18	−10.09	−6.89
19	−10.51	−7.77
20	−10.72	−8.55
21	−11.25	−8.73
22	−9.87	−8.41
23	−10.7	−8.24
24	−9.92	−8.31
25	−10.59	−8.01
26	−10.52	−7.93
27	−10.87	−8.3
28	−10.25	−8.33
29	−10.85	−8.31
30	−10.23	−6.93
31	−9.92	−6.26
32	−10.29	−6.74	182.5±2.1
33	−9.97	−5.78
34	−9.92	−6.16
35	−9.48	−6.04
36	−9.05	−5.55
37	−10.02	−5.77
38	−10.55	−6.13
39	−10.88	−5.9
40	−10.5	−5.97
41	−10.44	−5.78
42	−10.34	−6.01
43	−10.22	−5.82
44	−9.82	−5.89
45	−9.47	−5.67
46	−9.8	−5.99
47	−9.23	−5.45
48	−9.56	−5.79
49	−9.55	−5.84
50	−9.41	−5.52
51	−9.59	−5.85
52	−9.47	−5.81
53	−9.27	−5.79
54	−9.37	−5.83
55	−9.5	−5.75
56	−9.27	−5.64	184.2±7.1
57	−8.84	−5.78
58	−8.71	−5.52
59	−9.02	−5.4
60	−8.89	−5.41
61	−8.92	−5.14
62	−8.04	−4.97
63	−8.5	−5.31
64	−9.22	−5.43
65	−9.13	−5.48
66	−9.5	−5.65
67	−9.72	−5.42
68	−9.24	−5.6
69	−9.01	−5.45
70	−9.34	−5.96
71	−9.65	−6.85	192.6±3.9
72	−10.25	−7.73
73	−10.41	−7.86
74	−10.56	−7.76
75	−10.7	−8.12
76	−11.11	−7.89

Appendix 2

The δ¹⁸O,δ¹³C isotope records from a stalagmite in Shuinan cave, Guilin (Table b)

Sample number	δ13C/‰ PDB	δ18O/‰ PDB	Age(TIMS-U)/ka
77	−10.68	−8.07
78	−10.75	−7.96
79	−10.96	−8.22
80	−10.81	−8.38
81	−10.69	−8.16
82	−10.78	−8.04
83	−10.16	−7.91
84	−10.25	−7.87
85	−10.37	−7.86
86	−12.58	−7.2
87	−10.17	−7.71
88	−10.87	−7.82
89	−10.64	−8.08
90	−10.46	−7.66
91	−10.21	−7.57
92	−9.48	−6.69
93	−9.72	−6.67
94	−9.49	−6.69
95	−9.53	−7.02
96	−10.17	−7.7
97	−9.91	−7.07
98	−9.82	−7.39
99	−9.9	−7.68
100	−10.29	−7.76
101	−9.56	−7.65
102	−9.32	−7.85
103	−9.89	−7.56
104	−9.91	−7.74
105	−10.18	−7.47
106	−9.97	−7.67
105	−10.58	−7.96
108	−10.1	−7.85
109	−10.41	−7.91
110	−10.82	−8.64
111	−10.37	−7.76
112	−10.67	−8.1
113	−10.68	−8.16
114	−10.72	−7.85
115	−11.01	−8.02
116	−10.75	−8.15
117	−10.57	−7.96
118	−10.44	−7.87
119	−10.44	−8.07
120	−10.48	−7.71
121	−10.65	−7.85
122	−10.5	−8.06
123	−10.47	−8.09
124	−11.01	−8.14
125	−10.46	−7.64
126	−10.55	−7.48
127	−10.67	−7.86
128	−10.27	−7.75
129	−10.41	−7.73
130	−10.31	−7.39
131	−11.03	−7.7
132	−10.52	−7.56
133	−9.93	−7.71	197.0±3.3
134	−10.52	−8.05
135	−10.27	−7.6
136	−10.6	−7.5
137	−10.37	−7.73
138	−10.21	−8.13
139	−9.73	−7.78
140	−10.11	−8.01
141	−10.64	−7.79
142	−10	−7.82
143	−9.82	−8.05
144	−10.05	−8.24	198.3±3.5
145	−9.57	−8.07
146	−10.19	−8.4
147	−10.65	−8.32
148	−10.09	−7.92
149	−10.38	−8.37	199.8±3.2
150	−8.48	−5.19
151	−9.09	−7.67
152	−9.66	−7.4

Appendix 3

The δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C isotope records from a stalagmite in Shuinan cave, Guilin (Table c)

Sample number	δ13C/‰ PDB	δ18O/‰ PDB	Age(TIMS-U)/ka
153	−10.52	−7.27	237.5±6.7
154	−9.65	−7.38
155	−10.29	−7.26
156	−9.5	−7.52
157	−10.2	−7.5
158	−9.07	−7.41
159	−10.09	−7.63
160	−9.33	−7.57
161	−10.24	−7.52
162	−9.97	−7.72
163	−10.28	−7.44
164	−10.42	−8.13
165	−10.63	−7.73
166	−9.79	−7.7
167	−10.38	−7.51
168	−9.75	−7.98
169	−10.74	−7.82
171	−10.17	−7.87
172	−10.58	−7.87
173	−9.89	−8.11
174	−9.56	−8.05	242.3±2.5
175	−10.55	−7.98
176	−10.19	−8.35
177	−10.88	−6.68
178	−10.13	−6.57
179	−11.14	−5.99
180	−10.51	−6.44
181	−10.61	−7.36
182	−10.34	−7.1
183	−11.09	−6.58
184	−10.76	−6.81	243.4±6.1
185	−10.94	−6.5
186	−10.84	−6.93
187	−9.73	−6.93
188	−10.63	−6.98
189	−9.72	−6.81
190	−10.21	−6.43
191	−9.58	−6.59
192	−10.38	−6.52
193	−10.42	−6.63
194	−10.86	−6.35
195	−9.91	−6.68
196	−11.01	−6.66	244.4±2.8
197	−9.95	−6.68
198	−11.22	−7.32
199	−10.53	−7.45
200	−11.13	−6.98
201	−10.21	−5.92
202	−10.89	−5.86
203	−10.02	−5.83
204	−9.37	−5.22
205	−9.8	−5.92
206	−9.86	−6.78
207	−9.98	−6.75
208	−9.97	−7.18
209	−9.51	−6.51
210	−9.78	−6.74
212	−9.22	−5.65
213	−9.2	−5.51
214	−9.54	−6.43
215	−9.88	−6.44
216	−9.97	−6.75
217	−9.52	−6
218	−10.01	−6.4
219	−10.18	−6.7
220	−10.13	−7.28
221	−10.23	−7.22
222	−9.86	−6.96	245.2±9.3
223	−10.36	−7.54
224	−9.65	−6.54