Abstract
Microalgae are known to be abundant in various habitats around the globe, and are rich in high value-added products such as fatty acids, polysaccharides, proteins, and pigments. Microalgae can be exploited as the basic and primitive food source of aquatic animals. We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Schizochytrium sp., Spirulina platensis, Chloroella sorokiniana, Chromochloris zofingiensis, and Dunaliella salina on the growth performance, immune status, and intestinal health of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed that these five microalgae diets could improve the feed conversion rate (FCR), especially the D. salina (FCR = 1.02%) and Schizochytrium sp. (FCR = 1.20%) additive groups. Moreover, the microalgae diets decreased the gene expression level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6, IL8, and IL1β at a normal physiological state of the intestine, especially the Schizochytrium sp., S. platensis, and D. salina dietary groups. The expression of neutrophil marker b7r was increased in the C. sorokiniana diet group; after, the zebrafish were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, improving the ability to resist this disease. We also found that microalgae diets could regulate the gut microbiota of fish as well as increase the relative abundance of probiotics. To further explain, Cetobacterium was significantly enriched in the S. platensis additive group and Stenotrophomonas was higher in the Schizochytrium sp. additive group than in the other groups. Conversely, harmful bacteria Mycoplasma reduced in all tested microalgae diet groups. Our study indicated that these microalgae could serve as a food source supplement and benefit the health of fish.
Key points
• Microalgae diets enhanced the growth performance of zebrafish.
• Microalgae diets attenuated the intestinal inflammatory responses of zebrafish.
• Microalgae diets modulated the gut microbiota composition to improve fish health.
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Data availability
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its supplementary materials. The sequencing raw data was deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive database (accession: PRJNA759359).
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This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872608), National Key Research and Development Project of China (2019YFA0906300 and 2020YFA0907304), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019ZD17), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (21ZR1416400), and Funding Project of the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering.
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JF, HW, and KM conceived and designed the research. KM, SC, YW, and YM conducted the experiments. KM and YM analyzed the data. KM wrote the manuscript. YM and HC revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.Declarations.
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Ma, K., Chen, S., Wu, Y. et al. Dietary supplementation with microalgae enhances the zebrafish growth performance by modulating immune status and gut microbiota. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 106, 773–788 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11751-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11751-8