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Fatty Acid Patterns in Chlamydomonas sp. as a Marker for Nutritional Regimes and Temperature under Extremely Acidic Conditions

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Abstract

Fatty acid profiles were used to characterize nutritional pathways in Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from an acidic mining lake (pH 2.7). Surprisingly, profiles of Chlamydomonas sp. grown in the lab under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions at in situ deep strata lake water temperatures (8°C) were very similar, polyunsaturated fatty acids including α-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) and 16:4ω3 along with palmitic acid (16:0) being most abundant. Therefore, heterotrophic growth of Chlamydomonas sp. at low temperatures can result in high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as previously only described for some psychrophilic bacteria. By contrast, the cultivation of isolated Chlamydomonas sp. at 20°C, reflecting surface water temperatures, provided fatty acid patterns characteristic of the nutrition strategy applied: the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased when the growth pathway changed from photoautotrophic via mixotrophic to heterotrophic. Total fatty acid concentration also diminished in this order. Principal component analysis confirmed the significance of FA profiling to mirror nutritional pathways. Lake-water analysis revealed low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, mainly consisting of polymeric fulvic acids that are unable to support heterotrophic growth of Chlamydomonas sp. Polymeric fulvic acids present in the deeper strata of the lake turned out to be formed in situ on the basis of organic monomers including reduced sulfur-containing ones, as revealed by thermochemolysis and pyrolysis. Growth of Chlamydomonas sp. in the deep chlorophyll maximum is therefore assumed to mainly result from photosynthesis, despite very low photon densities. Phytol-including metabolites proved to be significant biomarkers to indicate the nutritional pathway of Chlamydomonas sp. α, ω-Dicarboxylic acids—light-induced degradation products of unsaturated fatty acids—appeared to be good indicators of photooxidative alterations to the algal species under study.

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Acknowledgments

We are most grateful to Jana Jost, Marion Hoyer, Evelyn Becker, and Ursula Bachmann for their skillful technical assistance. Thanks are due to Norbert Kamjunke, Jörg Tittel, and Jutta Meier for their valuable input comprising unpublished data on bacterial populations of Lake 111 and from field observations. This work was kindly funded by a European Union Marie Curie Development Host Fellowship (HPMD-CT-2001-00103) and a scholarship received by E.S. from UFZ, Magdeburg, Department of Inland Water Research.

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Poerschmann, J., Spijkerman, E. & Langer, U. Fatty Acid Patterns in Chlamydomonas sp. as a Marker for Nutritional Regimes and Temperature under Extremely Acidic Conditions. Microb Ecol 48, 78–89 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-0144-6

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