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Interactive Effects of Mosquito Control Insecticide Toxicity, Hypoxia, and Increased Carbon Dioxide on Larval and Juvenile Eastern Oysters and Hard Clams

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Abstract

Mosquito control insecticide use in the coastal zone coincides with the habitat and mariculture operations of commercially and ecologically important shellfish species. Few data are available regarding insecticide toxicity to shellfish early life stages, and potential interactions with abiotic stressors, such as low oxygen and increased CO2 (low pH), are less understood. Toxicity was assessed at 4 and 21 days for larval and juvenile stages of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, using two pyrethroids (resmethrin and permethrin), an organophosphate (naled), and a juvenile growth hormone mimic (methoprene). Acute toxicity (4-day LC50) values ranged from 1.59 to >10 mg/L. Overall, clams were more susceptible to mosquito control insecticides than oysters. Naled was the most toxic compound in oyster larvae, whereas resmethrin was the most toxic compound in clam larvae. Mortality for both species generally increased with chronic insecticide exposure (21-day LC50 values ranged from 0.60 to 9.49 mg/L). Insecticide exposure also caused sublethal effects, including decreased swimming activity after 4 days in larval oysters (4-day EC50 values of 0.60 to 2.33 mg/L) and decreased growth (shell area and weight) in juvenile clams and oysters after 21 days (detected at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10 mg/L). Hypoxia, hypercapnia, and a combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia caused mortality in larval clams and increased resmethrin toxicity. These data will benefit both shellfish mariculture operations and environmental resource agencies as they manage the use of mosquito control insecticides near coastal ecosystems.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by a Grant from the Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, to M. E. DeLorenzo and L. D. Coen and the College of Charleston Graduate Program in Marine Biology, Biology Department, and Graduate Student Association. We acknowledge the kind experimental assistance of Paul Pennington, Shannon Whitehead, and John Venturella (NOAA/NOS/CCEHBR) as well as Karen Burnett, Anna Tommerdahl, Rebecca Derex, and Sarah Song (College of Charleston). We thank Mike Fulton, Tina Mikulski, Cheryl Woodley, and Pat Fair for helpful review of the manuscript. The NOAA, National Ocean Service does not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or material mentioned in this publication. This is Contribution No. 418 of the Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA

    R. N. Garcia & L. E. Burnett

  2. National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA

    K. W. Chung, P. B. Key & M. E. DeLorenzo

  3. Department of Biological Sciences and HBOI, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, 34946, USA

    L. D. Coen

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  1. R. N. Garcia
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  2. K. W. Chung
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Correspondence to M. E. DeLorenzo.

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Garcia, R.N., Chung, K.W., Key, P.B. et al. Interactive Effects of Mosquito Control Insecticide Toxicity, Hypoxia, and Increased Carbon Dioxide on Larval and Juvenile Eastern Oysters and Hard Clams. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 66, 450–462 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-0002-1

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