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Review of craniofacial pain syndromes involving the greater occipital nerve: relevant anatomy, clinical findings, and interventional management

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Abstract

Craniofacial pain syndromes exhibit a high prevalence in the general population, with a subset of patients developing chronic pain that significantly impacts their quality of life and results in substantial disabilities. Anatomical and functional assessments of the greater occipital nerve (GON) have unveiled its implication in numerous craniofacial pain syndromes, notably through the trigeminal-cervical convergence complex. The pathophysiological involvement of the greater occipital nerve in craniofacial pain syndromes, coupled with its accessibility, designates it as the primary target for various interventional procedures in managing craniofacial pain syndromes. This educational review aims to describe multiple craniofacial pain syndromes, elucidate the role of GON in their pathophysiology, detail the relevant anatomy of the greater occipital nerve (including specific intervention sites), highlight the role of imaging in diagnosing craniofacial pain syndromes, and discuss various interventional procedures such as nerve infiltration, ablation, neuromodulation techniques, and surgeries. Imaging is essential in managing these patients, whether for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The utilization of image guidance has demonstrated an enhancement in reproducibility, as well as technical and clinical outcomes of interventional procedures. Studies have shown that interventional management of craniofacial pain is effective in treating occipital neuralgia, cervicogenic headaches, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, and chronic migraines, with a reported efficacy of 60–90% over a duration of 1–9 months. Repeated infiltrations, neuromodulation, or ablation may prove effective in selected cases. Therefore, reassessment of treatment response and efficacy during follow-up is imperative to guide further management and explore alternative treatment options. Optimal utilization of imaging, interventional techniques, and a multidisciplinary team, including radiologists, will ensure maximum benefit for these patients.

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Abbreviations

ON:

Occipital neuralgia

GON:

Greater occipital nerve

IHS:

International Headache Society

LA:

Local anesthetic

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

CT:

Computed tomography

US:

Ultrasound

AN:

Arnold neuralgia

CGH:

Cervicogenic headache

CH:

Cluster headache

TN:

Trigeminal neuralgia

RFA:

Radiofrequency ablation

PRF:

Pulsed radiofrequency

CA:

Cryoablation

ONS:

Occipital nerve stimulation

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroradiology Unit, University Hospital, Grenoble, France

    Alienor Fabry, Meena Nedunchelian, Nicolas Stacoffe, Alexandre Krainik, Sylvie Grand & Adrian Kastler

  2. Radiology Unit, Necker University Hospital, Paris, France

    Sylvain Guinebert & Bruno Kastler

  3. Centre d’imagerie Médicale CIMVES, Vesoul, France

    Jonathan Zipfel

  4. Pain Management Unit, University Hospital, Grenoble, France

    Caroline Maindet

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  1. Alienor Fabry
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Correspondence to Adrian Kastler.

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Key points

• Craniofacial pain syndromes are prevalent in the general population.

• The greater occipital nerve (GON) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of these syndromes, making it the primary target of interventional procedures for craniofacial pain syndromes

• This educational review article aims to outline the craniofacial pain syndromes, the role of GON in their pathophysiology, relevant anatomy of the greater occipital nerve (including target sites for intervention), the role of imaging in craniofacial pain syndromes, and various interventional procedures such as nerve infiltration, ablation, neuromodulation techniques, and surgeries.

• The optimal utilization of imaging, interventional techniques, and a multidisciplinary team, including radiologists, will ensure maximum benefit for these patients.

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Fabry, A., Nedunchelian, M., Stacoffe, N. et al. Review of craniofacial pain syndromes involving the greater occipital nerve: relevant anatomy, clinical findings, and interventional management. Neuroradiology 66, 161–178 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-023-03273-z

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