Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) will decrease shellfish growth and survival, with ecological and economic consequences for fisheries and aquaculture. However, the high variability of results among experiments, and the lack of long-term studies, make it difficult to predict the effect that OA will have on bivalve species. We tested the long-term effect of high CO2 on growth, calcification rates, and survival of juveniles of the commercial bivalve species Chamelea gallina from Southern Portugal. The local high alkalinity of seawater probably buffered the negative effect of the pH drop, and after 75 days juveniles increased their growth and calcification rates with CO2. However, after 217 days, the situation reversed, bivalves under control conditions had the highest growth and calcification rates, while individuals under high CO2 presented negative calcification rates. The biometric variable that responded first was the width of the individuals, followed by the height and length of the shells. Survival was unaffected except for a mortality peak of juveniles under control and intermediate conditions as a consequence of a temperature drop. In the short term, C. gallina will increase their calcification rates to compensate for OA. However, in the long term, the additional energy expended will be translated into growth losses with negative repercussions for the fisheries and aquaculture. The cultivation of shellfish on high alkaline seawater should be further explored as a bioremediation measure to mitigate the negative effect of OA on shellfish aquaculture.
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The research data generated during the current study will be made public by the corresponding author via the general repository Dryad on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the project VENUS, an Interreg between Spain and Portugal Ref. 0139_VENUS_5_E. (2017–2019). We will like to thank João Reis for the help and advice during the installation of the experimental system, and João Maurício Teixeira and Anabela Dias for helping in the maintenance of the experiment.
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LS designed the experiments, carried out the research, analyzed the data, and wrote and revise the manuscript. CD carried out the research, analyzed the data, and did the supplementary review Table 1. SJ, MG, and DM contributed to the experimental design and the revisions of the original manuscript.
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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest and that the study meets the ethical standards for the care and handling of cultivated shellfish species in Portugal.
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Sordo, L., Duarte, C., Joaquim, S. et al. Long-term effects of high CO2 on growth and survival of juveniles of the striped venus clam Chamelea gallina: implications of seawater carbonate chemistry. Mar Biol 168, 123 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03931-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03931-x