Abstract
The main objective of this research is to develop a technique to obtain magnetic cork particles. The magnetization is achieved by applying a coating of iron oxides, obtained directly on the surface of cork particles from an acid solution of Fe cations added to a basic solution containing the particles. Previous surface treatment of cork particles was required; hence, plasma pretreatment was applied in a vacuum chamber to clean and activate the surface, enabling the coating process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, density and particle size were applied to characterize the cork and magnetic cork particles. In parallel, the magnetic character of particles was tested using magnets and by hysteresis cycles. All techniques have shown the presence of magnetite and maghemite on the cork surface. Results show cork particles adsorb between 17 and 27% of magnetite and maghemite, since by this process a mixture of both was obtained. These results are in accordance with density measurements. The magnetizing process is patented under Patent Numbers P201730993 and PCT/ES2018/070519.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abenojar J, Barbosa AQ, Ballesteros Y, del Real JC, da Silva LFM, Martinez MA (2014) Effect of surface treatments on cork: surface energy, adhesion and acoustic insulation. Wood Sci Technol 48(1):207–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-013-0599-7
Ahangaran F, Hassanzadeh A, Nouri S (2013) Surface modification of Fe3O4@SiO2 microsphere by silane coupling agent. Int Nano Lett 3:23–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/2228-5326-3-23
Alcántara I, Teixeira-Días F, Paulino M (2013) Cork composites for the absorption of impact energy. Compos Struct 95:16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.07.015
Aliahmad M, Nasiri Moghaddam N (2009) Synthesis of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 346:52–57. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13536-012-0100-6
António J, Moreira A, Tadeu A (2013) Impact sound transmission provided by concrete layers incorporating cork granules. Noise Control Eng J 61(5):458–468. https://doi.org/10.3397/1/3761040
APCOR (2018) http://www.apcor.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Boletim_Estatistico_APCOR_17_18.pdf. Accessed 11 Sept 2019
Barbosa AQ, da Silva LFM, Carbas RC, Abenojar J, del Real JC (2012) Influence of the size and amount of cork particles on the toughness of a structural adhesive. J Adhes 88(4–6):452–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2012.660811
Barbosa AQ, Figueiredo M, da Silva L, Öchsner A, Abenojar J (2017) Toughness of a brittle epoxy resin reinforced with micro cork particles: effect of size, amount and surface treatment. Compos Part B Eng 114:299–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.072
Barreca F, Fichera C (2016) Thermal insulation performance assessment of agglomerated cork boards. Wood Fiber Sci 48(2):1–8
Blaney L (2007) Magnetite (Fe3O4): properties, synthesis, and applications. Lehigh Rev 15(5). http://preserve.lehigh.edu/cas-lehighreview-vol-15/5. Accessed 30 Nov 2019
Bordbar AK, Rastegari AA, Amiri R, Ranjbakhsh E, Abbasi M, Khosropour AR (2014) Characterization of modified magnetite nanoparticles for albumin immobilization. Biotechnol Res Int 2014:705068. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/705068
Castro O, Silva JM, Devezas T, Silva A, Gil L (2010) Cork agglomerates as an ideal core material in lightweight structures. Mater Des 31:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.05.039
Coates J (2000) Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Wiley, Chichester, pp 10815–10837
Cortês A, Almeida J, de Brito J, Tadeu A (2019) Water retention and drainage capability of expanded cork agglomerate boards intended for application in green vertical systems. Constr Build Mater 224:439–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.030
da Silva CI, Barbosa AQ, Marques JB, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, Abenojar J, da Silva LFM (2020) Mechanical characterisation of graded single lap joints using magnetised cork microparticles. In: da Silva L, Martins P, El-Zein M (eds) Advanced joining processes in advanced structured materials, vol 125. Springer, Singapore, pp 153–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2957-3_11
Dias S, Tadeu A, António J, Almeida J, Pedro F, Martins S, Serra C (2018) Experimental study of expanded cork agglomerate blocks: compressive creep behavior and dynamic performance. Constr Build Mater 181:551–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.021
Dong Y, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li J (2016) Combined treatment for conversion of fast-growing poplar wood to magnetic wood with high dimensional stability. Wood Sci Technol 50:503–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-015-0789-6
El Ghandoor H, Zidan HM, Khalil MMH, Ismail MIM (2012) Synthesis and some physical properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Int J Electrochem Sci 7:5734–5745
Gama N, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A (2019) 3D printed cork/polyurethane composite foams. Mater Des 179:107905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107905
García-Casillas PE, Rodriguez-Gonzalez CA, Martínez Pérez CA (2012) Infrared spectroscopy of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. In: Theophanides T (ed) Infrared spectroscopy: materials science, engineering and technology. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/35481. https://www.intechopen.com/books/infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology/infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles. Accessed 30 Nov 2019
Gil L (2009) Cork composites: a review. Materials 2:776–789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2030776
Gil L, Moiteiro C (2003) Cork. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of chemical technology, 6th edn. Wiley, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.f07-f01
Girod M, Vogel S, Szczerba W, Thünemann AF (2015) How temperature determines formation of maghemite nanoparticles. J Magn Magn Mater 380:163–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.09.057
Goss CJ (1988) Saturation magnetization, coercivity and lattice parameter changes in the system Fe3O4-γ-Fe2O3, and their relationship to structure. Phys Chem Miner 16:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203200
Grau-Crespo R, Al-Baital AY, Saadoune I, de Leeuw NH (2010) Vacancy ordering and electronic structure of γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite): a theoretical investigation. J Phys Condens Matter 22:255401. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/25/255401
Hasany SF, Ahmed I, Rajan J, Rehman A (2012) Systematic review of the preparation techniques of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Nanosci Nanotechnol 2(6):148–158. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.nn.20120206.01
Hui B, Li J, Wang L (2014) Electromagnetic shielding wood-based composite from electroless plating corrosion-resistant Ni–Cu–P coatings on Fraxinus mandshurica veneer. Wood Sci Technol 48(5):961–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-014-0653-0
Hui B, Li G, Han G, Li Y, Wang L, Li J (2015) Fabrication of magnetic response composite based on wood veneers by a simple in situ synthesis method. Wood Sci Technol 49:755–767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-015-0727-7
Hui B, Zhang K, Xia Y, Zhou C (2020) Natural multi-channeled wood frameworks for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Electrochim Acta 330:135274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135274
Kaczynski P, Ptak M, Wilhelm J, Fernandes FAO, Alves de Sousa RJ (2019) High-energy impact testing of agglomerated cork at extremely low and high temperatures. Int J Impact Eng 126:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.12.001
Lakshmanan R, Rajarao GK (2014) Effective water content reduction in sewage wastewater sludge using magnetic nanoparticles. Bioresour Technol 153:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.003
Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Elst LV, Muller RN (2008) Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chem Rev 108(6):2064–2110. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068445e
Lou Z, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Han H, Cai J, Yang L, Yuan C, Li Y (2018) Synthesis of magnetic wood fiber board and corresponding multi-layer magnetic composite board, with electromagnetic wave absorbing properties. Nanomaterials 8(6):441. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8060441
Manzo V, Goya-Pacheco J, Arismendi D, Becerra-Herrera M, Castillo-Aguirre A, Castillo-Felices R, Rosero-Moreano M, Carasek E, Richter P (2019) Cork sheet as a sorptive phase to extract hormones from water by rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE). Anal Chim Acta 1087:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.069
Marques AV, Pereira H, Rodrigues J, Meier D, Faix O (2006) Isolation and comparative characterization of a Björkman lignin from the saponified cork of Douglas-fir bark. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 77:169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.03.003
Martinez-Mera I, Gutierrez-Wing C, Arganis-Juarez C, Vilchis-Nestor AR (2017) Reduction of maghemite to magnetite over 304SS, in the presence of silver nanoparticles. Surf Coat Technol 324:338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.079
Massart R (1981) Preparation of aqueous magnetic liquids in alkaline and acidic media. IEEE Trans Magn 17(2):1247–1248. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.1981.1061188
Mehrmohammadi M, Yoon KY, Qu M, Johnston KP, Emelianov SY (2011) Enhanced pulsed magneto-motive ultrasound imaging using superparamagnetic nanoclusters. Nanotechnology 22:045502. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/4/045502
Miranda I, Gominho J, Pereira H (2013) Cellular structure and chemical composition of cork from the Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis). J Wood Sci 59:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-012-1300-8
Mohammadkhani F, Montazer M, Latifi M (2019) Microwave absorption characterization and wettability of magnetic nano iron oxide/recycled PET nanofibers web. J Text Inst 110(7):989–999. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2018.1559908
Oliveira LCA, Rios RVRA, Fabris JD, Lago RM, Sapag K (2004) Magnetic particle technology: a simple preparation of magnetic composites for the adsorption of water contaminants. J Chem Educ 82:248–250. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed081p248
Oprea S (2008) Effects of fillers on polyurethane resin-based polyurethane elastomeric bearing materials for passive isolation. J Compos Mater 42:2673–2685. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998308096329
Pacheco Menor MC, Serna Ros P, Macías García A, Arévalo Caballero MJ (2019) Granulated cork with bark characterised as environment-friendly lightweight aggregate for cement-based materials. J Clean Prod 229:358–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.154
Pereira H (1988) Chemical composition and variability of cork form Quercus suber L. Wood Sci Technol 22(3):211–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386015
Pereira H (2011) Cork: biology, production and uses, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Pereira H, Rosa ME, Fortes MA (1987) The cellular structure of cork from Quercus suber L. IAWA J 8(3):213–218. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001048
Pullar RC, Marques P, Amaral J, Labrincha JA (2015) Magnetic wood-based biomorphic Sr3Co2Fe24O41 Z-type hexaferrite ecoceramics made from cork templates. Mater Des 82(5):297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.047
Rashin MN, Hemalatha J (2012) Magnetic and ultrasonic investigations on magnetite nanofluids. Ultrasonics 52:1024–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2012.08.005
Reis F, Soares-Castro P, Costa D, Tavares RM, Baptista P, Santos PM, Lino-Nieto T (2019) Climatic impacts on the bacterial community profiles of cork oak soils. Appl Soil Ecol 143:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.05.031
Rives J, Fernández-Rodríguez I, Gabarrell X, Rieradevall J (2012) Environmental analysis of cork granulate production in Catalonia: Northern Spain. Resour Conserv Recycl 58:132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.007
Sawisai R, Wanchanthuek R, Radchatawedchakoon W, Sakee U (2019) Simple continuous flow synthesis of linoleic and palmitic acid-coated magnetite nanoparticles. Surf Interface 17:100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2019.100344
Sen A, Van den Bulcke J, Defoirdt N, Van Acker J, Pereira H (2014) Thermal behaviour of cork and cork components. Thermochim Acta 582:94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2014.03.007
Sfaksi Z, Azzouz N, Abdelwahab A (2014) Removal of Cr(VI) from water by cork waste. Arab J Chem 7(1):37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.05.031
Shokrollahi H (2017) A review of the magnetic properties, synthesis methods and applications of maghemite. J Magn Magn Mater 426:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.11.033
Silva JB, de Brito W, Mohallem NDS (2004) Influence of heat treatment on cobalt ferrite ceramic powders. Mater Sci Eng B 112:182–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2004.05.029
Silva SP, Sabino MA, Fernandes EM, Correlo VM, Boesel LF, Reis RL (2005) Cork: properties, capabilities and applications. Int Mater Rev 50(6):345–365. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328005X41168
Tizro S, Baseri H (2016) Heavy metals removal from wastewater by using different kinds of magnetite nano-adsorbents: effects of different organic and inorganic coatings on the removal of copper and lead ions. J Adv Mater Process 4(4):15–29
Toy R, Hayden E, Shoup C, Baskaran H, Karathanasis E (2011) The effects of particle size, density and shape on margination of nanoparticles in microcirculation. Nanotechnology 22(11):115101. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/11/115101
Warner CL, Addleman RS, Cinson AD, Droubay TC, Engelhard MH, Nash MA, Yantasee W, Warner MG (2010) High- performance, superparamagnetic, nanoparticle-based heavy metal sorbents for removal of contaminants from natural waters. ChemSusChem 3(6):749–757. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000027
Yu W, Zheng PY (2017) Recovery of iron from waste ferrous sulphate by co-precipitation and magnetic separation. Trans Nonferr Met Soc China 27(1):211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60024-4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abenojar, J., López de Armentia, S., Barbosa, A.Q. et al. Coating cork particles with iron oxide: effect on magnetic properties. Wood Sci Technol 54, 869–889 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01191-4
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01191-4