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Bonding performance and mechanism of thermal-hydro-mechanical modified veneer

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Abstract

In the present study, fast-grown western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) was subjected to a thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) treatment. Bond-line shear strength and durability were evaluated, and three parameters (substrate density, adhesive type and amount of adhesive spread) were investigated. To understand how THM processing affects bond performance, surface roughness and cell morphology of wood, before and after THM treatment, were observed. Adhesive penetration depths and patterns in untreated wood and THM-treated wood were also examined. In addition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of bond-line and microscopic observation of interphase region were conducted. Results revealed that polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) and polyurethane (PUR) had better bonding performance than phenol formaldehyde resin (PF). THM treatment improved bond durability, and THM plywood met the adhesive bond requirements of exterior plywood. THM treatment reduced surface roughness and porosity of wood. Adhesive penetration patterns were different in untreated wood and THM-treated wood and were affected by amount and type of adhesive. Pathways for adhesive flow into western hemlock were primarily tracheid lumens, ray cell lumens and the interconnecting pits. PF is the only adhesive that showed no evidence of flow via ray tissues or cell wall penetration. Since bond-line shear strength largely depends upon the weakest link across the laminas, ultimate strength or percent wood failure does not always depend merely on adhesive penetration. In addition, FTIR analysis showed different chemical reactions and bonding mechanisms, which provides a possible explanation of THM-caused changes in bonding performance at the molecular level.

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Acknowledgements

Technical assistance from Chuan Li, Chusheng Qi, Jesse Paris, Will Holloman and Xianqing Chen is appreciated.

Funding

This work was supported by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture [Grant Number 201003063-07] and Oregon BEST, Oregon State University (Corvallis, OR, USA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Hongling Liu & Frederick A. Kamke

  2. College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China

    Hongling Liu, Jin Shang & Kangquan Guo

  3. Jeld-Wen Chair of Wood-Based Composites Science, Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Frederick A. Kamke

  4. Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Yangling, 712100, China

    Kangquan Guo

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  1. Hongling Liu
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  2. Jin Shang
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  3. Frederick A. Kamke
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  4. Kangquan Guo
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Correspondence to Kangquan Guo.

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Liu, H., Shang, J., Kamke, F.A. et al. Bonding performance and mechanism of thermal-hydro-mechanical modified veneer. Wood Sci Technol 52, 343–363 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-017-0982-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-017-0982-x

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