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Deteriorating Effect on Bone Metabolism and Microstructure by Passive Cigarette Smoking Through Dual Actions on Osteoblast and Osteoclast

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Abstract

There is no clear evidence to show the direct causal relationship between passive cigarette smoking and osteoporosis. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism is unknown. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the effects of long-term passive cigarette smoking on bone metabolism and microstructure by a mouse model and cell culture systems. BALB/c mice were exposed to 2 or 4 % cigarette smoke for 14 weeks. The bone turnover biochemical markers in urine and serum and also the bone micro-architecture by micro-CT were compared with the control group exposed to normal ambient air. In the cell culture experiments, mouse MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cell lines to be employed as osteoblast and osteoclast, respectively, were treated with the sera obtained from 4 % smoking or control mice. Their actions on cell viability, differentiation, and function on these bone cells were assessed. The urinary mineral and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels, and also the serum alkaline phosphatase activity, were significantly higher in the 4 % smoking group when compared with the control group, indicating an elevated bone metabolism after cigarette smoking. In addition, femoral osteopenic condition was observed in the 4 % smoking group, as shown by the decrease of relative bone volume and trabecular thickness. In isolated cell studies, osteoblast differentiation and bone formation were inhibited while osteoclast differentiation was increased. The current mouse smoking model and the isolated cell studies demonstrate that passive cigarette smoke could induce osteopenia by exerting a direct detrimental effect on bone cells differentiation and further on bone remodeling process.

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Abbreviations

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

ALT:

Alanine transaminase

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

BMD:

Bone mineral density

BV/TV:

Bone volume per tissue volume

Ca:

Calcium

Cr:

Creatinine

DPD:

Deoxypyridinoline

μCT:

Micro-computed tomography

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

P:

Phosphorus

SMI:

Structural model index

Tb. N.:

Trabecular number

Tb. Sp.:

Trabecular spacing

Tb. Th.:

Trabecular thickness

TRAP:

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Mr. K. M. Chan for his technical assistance and the financial support from the Hong Kong Jockey Club Osteoporosis Fund, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Conflict of interest

Chun Hay Ko, Ruby Lok Yi Chan, Wing Sum Siu, Wai Ting Shum, Ping Chung Leung, Lin Zhang, and Chi Hin Cho declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All the experimental procedures had been approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (CUHK) in accordance to the Department of Health (HKSAR) guidelines in Care and Use of Animals.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

    Chun Hay Ko, Wing Sum Siu, Wai Ting Shum & Ping Chung Leung

  2. Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

    Chun Hay Ko

  3. School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

    Ruby Lok Yi Chan, Lin Zhang & Chi Hin Cho

  4. Jockey Club Centre for the Osteoporosis, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China

    Ping Chung Leung

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  1. Chun Hay Ko
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Correspondence to Ruby Lok Yi Chan or Chi Hin Cho.

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Ko, C.H., Chan, R.L.Y., Siu, W.S. et al. Deteriorating Effect on Bone Metabolism and Microstructure by Passive Cigarette Smoking Through Dual Actions on Osteoblast and Osteoclast. Calcif Tissue Int 96, 389–400 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-015-9966-8

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