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Changes in corticospinal excitability associated with motor learning by observing

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Abstract

While many of our motor skills are acquired through physical practice, we can also learn how to make movements by observing others. For example, individuals can learn how to reach in novel dynamical environments (‘force fields’, FF) by observing the movements of a tutor. Previous neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in humans suggest a role for the motor system in motor learning by observing. Here, we tested the role of primary motor cortex (M1) in motor learning by observing. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in hand muscles at rest. MEPs were elicited before and after participants observed either a video showing a tutor adapting her reaches to an FF or a control video showing a tutor performing reaches in an unlearnable FF. During MEP acquisition, participants fixated a crosshair while their hand muscles were relaxed. We predicted that observing motor learning would result in greater increases in offline M1 excitability compared to observing movements that did not involve learning. We found that observing FF learning resulted in subsequent increases in MEP amplitudes recorded from right first dorsal interosseous and right abductor pollicis brevis muscles at rest. There were no changes in MEP amplitudes after control participants observed a tutor performing similar movements but not learning. The observed MEP changes can thus be specifically linked to observing motor learning. These results are consistent with the idea that observing motor learning produces functional changes in M1, corticospinal networks or both.

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Abbreviations

FF:

Force field

CW:

Clockwise

CCW:

Counterclockwise

PD:

Maximum perpendicular deviation

TMS:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

MEP:

Motor-evoked potential

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dinant Kistemaker for the figure showing the robotic manipulandum setup. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development R01 HD075740.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Heather R. McGregor & Paul L. Gribble

  2. Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Heather R. McGregor & Paul L. Gribble

  3. Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Heather R. McGregor

  4. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Paul L. Gribble

  5. Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Cricia Rinchon & Robert Chen

  6. School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Michael Vesia

  7. Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA

    Paul L. Gribble

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  1. Heather R. McGregor
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Correspondence to Paul L. Gribble.

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McGregor, H.R., Vesia, M., Rinchon, C. et al. Changes in corticospinal excitability associated with motor learning by observing. Exp Brain Res 236, 2829–2838 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5339-7

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