Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in infant and baby foods

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
European Food Research and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A series of fourteen starter formula, follow-up formula, and growing-up milk produced by three manufacturers was analyzed by for the chloropropanols 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and their fatty acid esters. While none of the products contained free chloropropanols at levels exceeding the method detections limits, all of them contained relatively high amounts of 3-MCPD esters. The latter concentrations ranged from 62 to 588 μg of 3-MCPD esters (bound 3-MCPD)/kg on the product basis and <300 (limit of quantification)—2,060 μg/kg expressed on the fat basis. These concentrations were proportional to the fat content in products as refined vegetable oils used by the manufacturers contain elevated levels of 3-MCPD esters depending on their origin and other factors. Regular intake of these products can lead to exceeding the tolerable daily intake that has been set for free 3-MCPD. The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with palmitic and oleic acids and asymmetric diesters with palmitic/oleic acid among which 1,2-palmitoyl, oleoyl-3-MCPD prevailed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Davídek J, Velíšek J, Kubelka V, Janíček G. (1982) New chlorine-containing compounds in protein hydrolysates. In: Baltes W, Czedik-Eysenberg PB, Pfannhauser W (eds) Recent developments in food analysis proc euro food chem I. Vienna, Austria, 17–20 February 1981. Weinheim, Deerfield Beach, Florida, USA, pp 322–325

  2. Crews C, Brereton P, Davies A (2001) Food Addit Contam 18:271–280

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Crews C, Hough P, Brereton P, Harvey D, Macarthur R, Matthews W (2002) Food Addit Contam 19:22–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Breitling-Utzmann CM, Köbler H, Herbolzheimer D, Maier A (2003) Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 99:280–285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hamlet CG, Sadd PA, Crews C, Velíšek J, Baxter DE (2002) Food Addit Contam 19:619–631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hamlet CG, Sadd PA, Gray DA (2004) J Agric Food Chem 52:2059–2066

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hamlet CG, Sadd PA, Gray DA (2004) J Agric Food Chem 52:2067–2072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Divinová V, Svejkovská B, Novotný O, Velíšek J (2004) Czech J Food Sci, Special Issue 22:230–234

    Google Scholar 

  9. Doležal M, Chaloupská M, Divinová V, Svejkovská B, Velíšek J (2005) Eur Food Res Technol 221:221–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. SCF (2001) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on food on 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) updating the SCF opinion of 1994. Adopted on 30 May 2001

  11. JECFA (2001) Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Fifty-seventh meeting, Rome, 5–14 June 2001

  12. EC (2001) European Commission Regulation No. 466/2001. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities L77/1, 16 March. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

  13. Svejkovská B, Novotný O, Divinová V, Réblová Z, Doležal M, Velíšek J (2004) Czech J Food Sci 22:190–196

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hamlet CG, Sadd PA (2004) Czech J Food Sci, Special Issue 22:229–262

    Google Scholar 

  15. Svejkovská B, Doležal M, Velíšek J (2006) Czech J Food Sci 24:172–179

    Google Scholar 

  16. Divinová V, Doležal M, Velíšek J (2007) Czech J Food Sci 25:39–47

    Google Scholar 

  17. Zelinková Z, Svejkovská B, Velíšek J, Doležal M (2006) Food Addit Contam 23:1290–1298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Karšulínová L, Folprechtová B, Doležal M, Dostálová J, Velíšek J (2007) Czech J Food Sci 25:257–264

    Google Scholar 

  19. Seefelder W, Varga N, Studer A, Williamson G, Scanlan FP, Stadler RH (2008) Food Addit Contam 25:391–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Collier PD, Cromie DDO, Davies AP (1991) J AOCS 68:785–790

    Google Scholar 

  21. WHO (2001) Infant and young child nutrition. World Health Organization, Executive Board, 109th Session, EB109/12

  22. Kraft R, Brachwitz H, Etzold G, Langen P, Zöpel HJ (1979) Journal für praktische Chemie 321:756–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Whitby GS (1926) J Chem Soc 1458–1465

  24. Schenzler C, Their H-P (2001) Food Addit Contam 18:875–879

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. The European Standard EN 1528-2 (1996) Fatty food—determination of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Part 2. Extraction of fat, pesticides and PCBs, and determination of fat content

  26. Divinová V, Svejkovská B, Doležal M, Velíšek J (2004) Czech J Food Sci 22:182–189

    Google Scholar 

  27. The National Academies (2004) Committee on the evaluation of the addition of ingredients new to infant formula, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: Infant formula, evaluation the safety of new ingredients. The National Academic Press, Washington, DC

  28. Donangelo CM, Trugo NMF (2003) Human milk: composition and nutritional value. In: Caballero B, Trugo LC, Finglas PM (eds) Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Dublin, p 3453

  29. Bauchner E (2003) LEAVEN 39:123–125

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cerbulis J, Parks OW, Liu RH, Piotrowski EG, Farrell HM Jr (1984) J Agric Food Chem 32:474–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Weisshaar R (2008) Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 110:on line version

  32. Zelinková Z, Velíšek J, Doležal M (2008) Estery 3-chlorpropan-12-diolu (3-MCPD) s mastnými kyselinami v potravinách. Sborník příspěvků XXXIX. Symposium o nových směrech výroby a hodnocení potravin, Skalský Dvůr, 26.-28.5.2008, Holasová M., Fiedlerová V., Špicner J., eds. (in press)

  33. Zelinková Z, Novotný O, Schůrek J, Velíšek J, Hajšlová J, Doležal M (2008) Food Addit Contam 25:669–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Medindia (2008). Available at: http://www.medindia.net/patients/calculators/ideal_weight_result.asp, accessed date 29/7/2008

  35. Christie WW (2008) The lipid library. Available at: http://www.lipidlibrary.co.uk/index.html, accessed date 29/7/2008

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was substantionally a part of the Research Project MSM 6046137305. Development of the analytical method aimed at determination of 3-MCPD esters was supported by the project no. 2B06168—National program of research and supported by the Ministry of Education and Youth of the Czech Republic.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 1905, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic

    Zuzana Zelinková, Marek Doležal & Jan Velíšek

Authors
  1. Zuzana Zelinková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marek Doležal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jan Velíšek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Velíšek.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zelinková, Z., Doležal, M. & Velíšek, J. Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in infant and baby foods. Eur Food Res Technol 228, 571–578 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-008-0965-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-008-0965-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation