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Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the in vitro estrogenic activity of diesel exhaust

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Abstract

An in vitro reporter gene assay based on human breast cancer T47D cells (ER-CALUX®) was applied to examine the ability of diesel exhaust to induce or inhibit estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated gene expression. Exhaust from a heavy-duty diesel engine was either treated by iron- or copper/iron-catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPFs) or studied as unfiltered exhaust. Collected samples included particle-bound and semivolatile constituents of diesel exhaust. Our findings show that all of the samples contained compounds that were able to induce ER-mediated gene expression as well as compounds that suppressed the activity of the endogenous hormone 17β-estradiol (E2). Estrogenic activity prevailed over antiestrogenic activity. We found an overall ER-mediated activity of 1.63 ± 0.31 ng E2 CALUX equivalents (E2-CEQs) per m3 of unfiltered exhaust. In filtered exhaust, we measured 0.74 ± 0.07 (iron-catalyzed DPF) and 0.55 ± 0.09 ng E2-CEQ m−3 (copper/iron-catalyzed DPF), corresponding to reductions in estrogenic activity of 55 and 66%, respectively. Our study demonstrates that both catalytic DPFs lowered the ER-mediated endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust.

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Abbreviations

AhR:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

ANOVA:

One-way analysis of variance

Cl:

Chlorine-enriched diesel fuel (14 μg g−1)

Cu:

Diesel fuel with copper/iron-based fuel additive (9.0/7.5 μg g−1)

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

DPF:

Diesel particulate filter

E2:

17β-Estradiol

EE2:

17α-Ethinylestradiol

E2-CEQ:

17β-Estradiol CALUX equivalent

ER:

Estrogen receptor;

ER-CALUX® :

Estrogen Responsive–Chemically Activated LUciferase eXpression

F:

Exhaust treatment by diesel particulate filter

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

Fe:

Diesel fuel with iron-based additive (4.5 μg g−1)

PCDD/Fs:

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans

Ref:

Reference diesel fuel

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

xCl:

Chlorine-enriched diesel fuel (110 μg g−1)

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Acknowledgements

We thank all our collaborators at Empa, BFH-TI Biel, and TTM Niederrohrdorf for providing exhaust samples and know-how. This study was supported by the board of Empa and the Swiss National Science Foundation (NRP50 program, grant no. 40504–104378).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Daniela Wenger, Andreas C. Gerecke & Norbert V. Heeb

  2. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland

    Hanspeter Naegeli

  3. Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland

    Renato Zenobi

Authors
  1. Daniela Wenger
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  2. Andreas C. Gerecke
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  3. Norbert V. Heeb
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  4. Hanspeter Naegeli
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  5. Renato Zenobi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andreas C. Gerecke.

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Wenger, D., Gerecke, A.C., Heeb, N.V. et al. Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the in vitro estrogenic activity of diesel exhaust. Anal Bioanal Chem 390, 2021–2029 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-1872-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-1872-8

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