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The need for reference materials when monitoring nitrate intake

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Abstract

Whether dietary exposure to nitrate metabolites is detrimental or beneficial to human health has long been a matter of controversy. In spite of no consistent epidemiological evidence, nitrate metabolites are associated with the formation of carcinogenic-nitrosamines and gastric cancer. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that ingested nitrate plays a role in host defence against gastrointestinal pathogenic bacteria.

Analytical values of nitrate content in foods are essential for estimating nitrate intake. The analytical process is of paramount importance for assessing human nitrate exposure and for establishing a link between these exposures and the current and future observed health effects. Therefore, the quality assurance of the measurement process is crucial to obtaining reliability, comparability and traceability of results.

Certified Reference Materials (CRM) should play a role in the consistency of the measurement process. However, the availability of nitrate CRMs is still poor. When food monitoring is demanded, an approach could be to use In House Reference Materials (IHRM), prepared at a high metrological level, and all preparation steps should be quality driven.

IHRMs were prepared, and available CRMs were used to provide traceability of the process. The homogeneity of IHRM was evaluated using an appropriate statistical design. The stability was monitored using an isochronous method. The material shelf life and storage conditions are presented.

HPLC was optimised for the determination of nitrates in four vegetable categories. When a suite of IHRMs were used, the response of the HPLC system was linear over the range 1 to 8 mg L–1. The detection limit for these compounds was 0.2 μg L−1 and the determination limit 1.2 μg L−1.

The relationship between measurement uncertainty and critical points of the analytical process is presented. The differences in observed relative uncertainty between food categories could reflect current limitations in the food matrix reference materials.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the staff of the Food Composition Laboratory for technical assistance, Dr. Ricardo Diogo for manuscript revision, and Dr. Maria Antónia Calhau, Head of Department, for her helpful comments, critical reading of the manuscript, and encouragement for this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Segurança Alimentar e Nutrição, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    Isabel Castanheira, Luisa Oliveira, Ana Valente, Paula Alvito & Helena S. Costa

  2. Raad voor Accreditatie (RvA), Postbus 2768, 3500 GT, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Anton Alink

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  1. Isabel Castanheira
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  2. Luisa Oliveira
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  3. Ana Valente
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  4. Paula Alvito
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  5. Helena S. Costa
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Correspondence to Isabel Castanheira.

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Castanheira, I., Oliveira, L., Valente, A. et al. The need for reference materials when monitoring nitrate intake. Anal Bioanal Chem 378, 1232–1238 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2382-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2382-3

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