Abstract
Endophytic fungi were isolated from the marine green alga Chaetomorpha antennina and identified as Clonostachys rosea through molecular analysis. C. rosea was grown in a tryptophan medium for 21 days and after that, the metabolites were extracted by ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract showed a high cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. GC–MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of many compounds, and chrysin was one of the major compounds among them. Hence, further studies were concentrated on chrysin, as it was assumed to be the major attributor to the potent cytotoxicity, based on its high anticancer efficacies reported earlier. The fungal ethyl acetate extract had been analysed for chrysin using HPTLC and compared its Rf value with authentic chrysin and it was matched. Further, the purified fungal chrysin was structurally elucidated using techniques like LC–MS and NMR analyses. Quantification revealed that C. rosea produced 1050 mg/L of chrysin. This surplus production of chrysin was the major significance of the study. The purified fungal chrysin was found to be highly cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells with a low IC50 value 35.5 ± 0.6 µM. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis analysis indicated the selective inhibition of MCF-7 by DNA damage. Thus, the present study implies that C. rosea is an alternative source and new method for surplus production of chrysin in the tryptophan medium. All results indicate that the marine algae endophytic C. rosa produces chrysin, and for the first time, an excess amount of production was revealed by the study.
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The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
Dr. Ramalingam Parthasarathy thanks to funding from Department of Science and Technology and Science and Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB), New Delhi for the National Post-Doctoral fellowship (Ref. no. PDF/2017/001184), Indian Council Medical Research-Research Associate (ICMR-RA) (Ref. no. 45/1/2020-DDI-BMS), New Delhi, for the research associate fellowship Dr. Chandrika Manjegowda, thanks to Indian Council Medical Research (ICMR) for providing financial support (File no.45/36-2018-PHA/BMS Dated 23/6/2018). Dr. D. Sruthi thanks Department of Health Research (DHR), Government of India, New Delhi, for her award of Young scientist -HRD Scheme (YSS/2019/000035/PRCYSS). Authors thank FACS and confocal microscopy facility, Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. Dr. H.C. Yashavantha Rao acknowledges Young Scientist grant from DHR-HRD Indian Council of Medical Research (YSS/2020/0000054/PRCYSS) and University Grants Commission—DSKPDF (No.F.4-2/2006 (BSR)/BL/17-18/0234) Government of India, New Delhi.
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Parthasarathy, R., Chandrika, M., Sruthi, D. et al. Clonostachys rosea, a marine algal endophyte, as an alternative source of chrysin and its anticancer effect. Arch Microbiol 205, 275 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03615-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03615-8