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Genetische Faktoren bei Muskelverletzungen im Sport

Genetics in sports—muscle injuries

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das menschliche Genom ist der vollständige Satz genetischer Anweisungen, die in der DNA eines Individuums codiert sind. Die Genetik kann eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung und dem Verlauf von Muskelverletzungen spielen. Viele Gene sind an der Entwicklung, dem Wachstum und der Reparatur von Muskeln beteiligt, und Variationen in diesen Genen können die Anfälligkeit eines Sportlers für Muskelverletzungen beeinflussen.

Spezifische Gene

Mehrere Gene wurden mit Muskelverletzungen in Verbindung gebracht, z. B. Myostatin (MSTN), der insulinähnliche Wachstumsfaktor 1 (IGF-1) und verschiedene Kollagene (COL). Neben den Genen, die an der Entwicklung, dem Wachstum und der Reparatur von Muskeln beteiligt sind, können auch Gene, die an Entzündungsprozessen und der Schmerzsignalgebung beteiligt sind, wie der Tumornekrosefaktor alpha (TNF-α), der Mu-Opioidrezeptor (OPRM1) und Interleukin-Gene (IL), eine Rolle bei der Entstehung und dem Fortschreiten von Muskelverletzungen spielen.

Gentests

Genetische Tests können bei der Prävention von Muskelverletzungen bei Sportlern hilfreich sein. Die Untersuchung auf Variationen in Genen, die mit Muskelentwicklung, -reparatur und -wachstum sowie mit der Kollagenbildung in Verbindung stehen, kann wertvolle Informationen über die Anfälligkeit eines Sportlers für Muskelverletzungen liefern. Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass Gentests zwar wertvolle Informationen für die Verletzungsprävention liefern können, aber nur ein Teil des Puzzles sind. Andere Faktoren, wie die Trainingsbelastung einer Person, der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand und die Lebensgewohnheiten, spielen ebenfalls eine Rolle für das Verletzungsrisiko. Daher sollten alle Strategien zur Verletzungsprävention individuell angepasst werden und auf einer umfassenden Bewertung aller relevanten Faktoren beruhen.

Abstract

Background

The human genome is the complete set of genetic instructions encoded in an individual’s DNA. Genetics plays an important role in the development and progression of muscle injuries. Many genes are involved in muscle development, growth, and repair, and variations in these genes can affect an athlete’s susceptibility to muscle injury.

Specific genes

Several genes have been linked to muscle injury, such as myostatin (MSTN), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and several collagen genes (COL). In addition to genes involved in muscle development, growth, and repair, genes involved in inflammation and pain signaling, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), mu opioid receptor (OPRM1), and interleukin (IL) genes, may also play a role in the development and progression of muscle injury.

Genetic tests

Genetic testing can be a helpful tool in the prevention of muscle injuries in athletes. Testing for variations in genes associated with muscle development, repair, and growth, as well as collagen formation, can provide valuable information about an athlete’s susceptibility to muscle injury. It is important to note that while genetic testing can provide valuable information for injury prevention, it is only one piece of the puzzle. Other factors such as an individual’s training history, general health, and lifestyle habits also play a role in injury risk. Therefore, all injury prevention strategies should be individualized and based on a comprehensive assessment of all relevant factors.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Angiotensin-Konvertierendes Enzym

ACTN3 :

Alpha-Actinin‑3

COL :

Kollagen

GWAS :

Genomweite Assoziationsstudien

HGF :

Hepatozytenwachstumsfaktor

HSPG2 :

Heparansulfatproteoglykan 2

IGF‑1 :

Insulinähnlicher Wachstumsfaktor 1

IL :

Interleukine

MSTN :

Myostatin

OPRM1 :

Mu-Opioidrezeptor

SNP :

Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen

TGF‑β :

Transformierender Wachstumsfaktor beta

TNF‑α :

Tumornekrosefaktor alpha

VDR :

Vitamin-D-Rezeptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland

    Florian Pfab MBA HCM

  2. MedZentrum Residenz, Residenzstr. 9, 80333, München, Deutschland

    Florian Pfab MBA HCM

  3. Eintracht Frankfurt Fußball AG, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland

    Florian Pfab MBA HCM,  Johanna Sieland Msc & Christian Haser MBA HCM, MSC

  4. DNathlete AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein

    Florian Pfab MBA HCM

  5. Abteilung Präventiv- und Sportmedizin, Institut für Arbeits‑, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland

    Winfried Banzer

  6. EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich

    Thomas Kocher

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  1. Florian Pfab MBA HCM
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  2. Johanna Sieland Msc
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  3. Christian Haser MBA HCM, MSC
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Correspondence to Florian Pfab MBA HCM.

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Interessenkonflikt

F. Pfab ist CMO (Chief Medical Officer) der DNathlete AG. J. Sieland, C. Haser, W. Banzer und T. Kocher geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Pfab, F., Sieland, J., Haser, C. et al. Genetische Faktoren bei Muskelverletzungen im Sport. Orthopädie 52, 889–896 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-023-04439-6

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