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Effects of Single and Mixed Estrogens on Single and Combined Cultures of D. subspicatus and P. subcapitata

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Abstract

This paper investigates the effect of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) individually and mixed at equal proportions (1:1:1) on Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in single and combined cultures (S+) at different exposure times based on algal growth (in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence and cell counting) and coenobium formation. EE2 and E2 were more toxic to individual and combined (S+) cultures than was E1. The frequency of coenobium formation by D. subspicatus increased significantly for all estrogens and all concentrations. After 96 h, D. subspicatus prevailed in S+. The results of the exposure to E+ suggested a less-than-additive effect on D. subspicatus and S+ and additive effect on P. subcapitata. Toxic effects occurred for both species exposed to E+ with individual estrogen concentrations below the NOEC of each species. Assays must include changes in response due to the exposure of more than one species to more than one estrogen.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq (Process No 556660/2009-9), the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ and the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education-STINT. The material made available by Prof. Edna Graneli and the technical support from Ms. Christina Esplund from the Marine Department, Linnaeus University in Sweden are also acknowledged.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical standard

This experiment complied with the current laws of the country in which it was performed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University-UERJ, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sl 5024E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil

    André Luís de Sá Salomão, Sanye Soroldoni, Marcia Marques & Daniele Maia Bila

  2. Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University-LNU, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden

    André Luís de Sá Salomão, Marcia Marques & William Hogland

Authors
  1. André Luís de Sá Salomão
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  2. Sanye Soroldoni
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  3. Marcia Marques
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  4. William Hogland
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  5. Daniele Maia Bila
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Correspondence to André Luís de Sá Salomão.

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Salomão, A.L.d., Soroldoni, S., Marques, M. et al. Effects of Single and Mixed Estrogens on Single and Combined Cultures of D. subspicatus and P. subcapitata . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 93, 215–221 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1294-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1294-6

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