Abstract
In this study, the Enrichment Factors and elemental composition profiles of the PM2.5 were used to suggest the emission sources. The selected sites were Miravalle and Centro, and in both cases there were high values lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Cupper, Molybdenum, Nickel, Antimony, Selenium and Zinc for EF (>5), suggesting an anthropogenic origin. The remaining elements (Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Strontium and Titanium) had Enrichment Factors <5, attributable to a geological origin, probably due to the suspension of particles from motor vehicles or wind. Comparing the elemental composition profiles of the two sites allowed establishing similarities with some reference profiles (SPECIATE database Version 4.2-EPA) from sources such as Paved Road Dust (PRD) and Industrial Soil (IS) and profiles of combustion sources such as Diesel Exhaust (DE). Through the estimation the Enrichment Factors and of the elemental composition profiles of two different sites in the city, it was possible to suggest not only the general type of emission source (geological or anthropogenic), but also more specific sources based on elemental composition of PM2.5.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen J, Tan M, Li T, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Shan Z, Zhang G, Li Y (2008) Characteristics of trace elements and lead isotope ratios in PM2.5 from four sites in Shanghai. J Hazard Mater 156:36–43
Duan FK, He KB, Ma YL, Yang FM, Yu XC, Cadle SH, Chan T, Mulawa PA (2006) Concentration, chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China: 2001–2001. Sci Total Environ 355:264–275
Dutkiewicz V, Qureshi S, Husain L, Schwab J, Demerjian K (2006) Elemental composition of PM2.5 aerosols in Queens, New York: evalutation of sources of fine-particles mass. Atmos Environ 40:347–359
Duvall MR, Norris AG, Dailey AL, Burke MJ, McGee KJ, Gilmour IM, Gordon T, Devlin BR (2008) Source apportionment of particulate matter in the US and associations with lung inflammatory markers. Inhal Toxicol 20:671–683
Götschi T, Hazenkamp-von Arx EM, Heinrich J, Bono R, Burney P, Forsberg B, Jarvis D, Maldonado J, Norbäck D, Stern BW, Sunyer J, Torén K, Verlato G, Villani S, Künzli N (2005) Elemental composition and reflectance of ambient fine particles at 21 European locations. Atmos Environ 39:5947–5958
Haritash AK, Kaushik CP (2007) Assessment of seasonal enrichment of heavy metals in respirable suspended particles matter of a sub urban Indian city. Environ Monit Assess 128:411–420
Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI) (2000) Sistema Municipal de Bases de Datos, SIMBAD. Censos poblacionales y vehiculares 2000
Jones AM, Harrison RM (2004) The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations – a review. Sci Total Environ 326:151–180
Kim CS, Jaques PA (2000) Respiratory dose of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy adults. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 358:2693–2705
Mugica V, Ortiz E, Molina L, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Nebot A, Quintana R, Aguilar J, Alcántara E (2009) PM composition and source reconciliation in Mexcio city. Atmos Environ 43:5068–5074
Romieu I, Barraza A, Escamilla C, Almstrand Ch, Díaz D, Sly P, Carin A (2008) Exhaled breath malondialdehyde as a marker of effect of exposure to air in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:903–909
Saldarriaga-Noreña H, Hernández-Mena L, Ramírez-Muñíz M, Carbajal-Romero P, Cosío-Ramírez R, Esquivel-Hernández B (2009) Characterization of trace metals of risk to human health in airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) at two sites in Guadalajara, Mexico. J Environ Monit 11:887–894
Schwartz J, Norris G, Larson T, Sheppard L, Claiborn C, Koening J (1999) Episodes of high coarse particle concentration are not associated whit increased mortality. Environ Health Persp 107:339–342
Schwela D (2000) Air pollution and health in the urban areas. Rev Environ Health 15:13–42
Sharma M, Maloo S (2005) Assessment of ambient air PM10 and PM2.5 and characterization of PM10 in the city of Kanpur, India. Atmos Environ 39:6015–6026
Taylor SR (1964) Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochem and Cosmochem Acta 28:1273
United States Environmental Pollution Agency (USEPA) (2008) SPECIATE Version 4.2, http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/news/012010/news012010-s.html
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Sandra Bravo and Rosalva Cuevas for their collaboration in the analysis of inorganic ions, to Winston Smith of the Peace Corps for the revision of this paper and to the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente para el Desarrollo del Estado de Jalisco (SEMADES), for allowing the installment of the equipment in their locations. Special thanks also to Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for the financial support in this project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hernández-Mena, L., Murillo-Tovar, M., Ramírez-Muñíz, M. et al. Enrichment Factor and Profiles of Elemental Composition of PM 2.5 in the City of Guadalajara, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 87, 545–549 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0369-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0369-x