References
Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Arndt S (1992) The comprehensive assessment of symptoms and history (CASH): an instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:615–623
Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP (2005) Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 161:12–24
Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Fung WL, Holloway J, Mallett R, Harrison G, Leff J, Jones PB, Murray RM (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP study. Psychol Med 36:1541–1550
Harrison G, Amin S, Singh SP, Croudace T, Jones P (1999) Outcome of psychosis in people of African–Caribbean family origin. Br J Psychiatry 175:43–49
Hutchinson G, Takei N, Sham P, Harvey I, Murray RM (1999) Factor analysis of symptoms in schizophrenia: difference between white and Caribbean patients in Camberwell. Psychol Med 29:607–612
de Jong JT (1996) Psychodiagnostiek bij allochtonen: vragen om moeilijkheden? [Diagnosis in immigrants: asking for trouble?] Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid [Ment Health Monthly] 51:483–496
King M, Nazroo J, Weich S, McKenzie K, Bhui K, Karlsen K, Stansfeld S, Tyrer P, Blanchard M, Lloyd K, McManus S, Sproston S, Erens P. (2005) Psychotic symptoms in the general population of England. (The EMPIRIC study). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:375–381
Littlewood R, Lipsedge M (1981) Acute psychotic reactions in Caribbean-born patients. Psychol Med 11:303–318
Murray RM, Hutchinson G (1999) Psychosis in migrants: the striking example of African–Caribbeans resident in England. In: Gattaz WF, Häfner H (eds) Search for the causes of schizophrenia, vol 4. Springer/Steinkopff, Darmstadt, pp 129–140
van Os J, Takei N, Castle DJ, Wessely S, Der G, Macdonald A, Murray RM (1996) The incidence of mania: time trends in relation to gender and ethnicity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 31:129–136
Sashidharan SP (1993) Afro–Caribbeans and schizophrenia: the ethnic vulnerability hypothesis re-examined. Int Rev Psychiatry 5:129–144
Selten JP, Veen ND, Feller WG, Blom JD, Schols D, Camoenië W, Oolders J, van der Velden M, Hoek HW, Vladar Rivero VM, van der Graaf Y, Kahn RS (2001) Incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants to the Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 178:367–372
Selten JP (2002) Epidemiologie van schizofrenie bij migranten in Nederland. [Epidemiology of schizophrenia in immigrants to the Netherlands]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie [Dutch J Psychiatry] 10:665–676
Selten JP, van Os J, Nolen WA (2003) First admissions for mood disorders in immigrants to the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38:547–550
Shaw CM, Creed F, Tomenson B, Riste L, Cruickshank JK (1999) Prevalence of anxiety and depressive illness and help seeking behaviour in African–Caribbeans and white Europeans: two phase general population survey. BMJ 318:302–305
Vanheusden K, Mulder CL, van de Ende J, Selten JP, van Lenthe FJ, Verhulst FC, Mackenbach JP (2008) Associations between ethnicity and self-reported hallucinations in a population sample of young adults in the Netherlands. Psychol Med (in press)
Veen ND, Selten JP, Schols D, Laan W, Hoek HW, van der Tweel I, Kahn RS (2004) Diagnostic stability in a Dutch psychosis incidence cohort. Br J Psychiatry 185:460–464
Veling W, Selten JP, Veen ND, Laan W, Blom JD, Hoek HW (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: a four-year first-contact study. Schizophr Res 95:30–38
Veling W, Selten JP, Mackenbach JP, Hoek HW (2007) Symptoms at first contact for psychotic disorder: comparison between native Dutch and ethnic minorities. Schizophr Res 95:30–38
Zandi T, Havenaar JM, Limburg-Okken AG, van Es H, Sidali S, Kadri N, van den Brink W, Kahn RS (2008) The need for culture sensitive diagnostic procedures. A study among psychotic patients in Morocco. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:244–250
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Selten, JP., Hoek, H.W. Does misdiagnosis explain the schizophrenia epidemic among immigrants from developing countries to Western Europe?. Soc Psychiat Epidemiol 43, 937–939 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0390-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0390-5