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Metamorphism, graphite crystallinity, and sulfide anatexis of the Rampura–Agucha massive sulfide deposit, northwestern India

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Abstract

Located adjacent to the Banded Gneissic Complex, Rampura–Agucha is the only sulfide ore deposit discovered to date within the Precambrian basement gneisses of Rajasthan. The massive Zn–(Pb) sulfide orebody occurs within graphite–biotite–sillimanite schist along with garnet–biotite–sillimanite gneiss, calc–silicate gneisses, amphibolites, and garnet-bearing leucosomes. Plagioclase–hornblende thermometry in amphibolites yielded a peak metamorphic temperature of 720–780°C, whereas temperatures obtained from Fe–Mg exchange between garnet and biotite (580–610°C) in the pelites correspond to postpeak resetting. Thermodynamic considerations of pertinent silicate equilibria, coupled with sphalerite geobarometry, furnished part of a clockwise P–T–t path with peak P–T of ∼6.2 kbar and 780°C, attained during granulite grade metamorphism of the major Zn-rich stratiform sedimentary exhalative deposits orebody and its host rocks. Arsenopyrite composition in the metamorphosed ore yielded a temperature [and log f(S 2)] range of 352°C (−8.2) to 490°C (−4.64), thus indicating its retrograde nature. Contrary to earlier research on the retrogressed nature of graphite, Raman spectroscopic studies on graphite in the metamorphosed ore reveal variable degree of preservation of prograde graphite crystals (490 ± 43°C with a maximum at 593°C). The main orebody is mineralogically simple (sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, galena), deformed and metamorphosed while the Pb–Ag-rich sulfosalt-bearing veins and pods that are irregularly distributed within the hanging wall calc–silicate gneisses show no evidence of deformation and metamorphism. The sulfosalt minerals identified include freibergite, boulangerite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, diaphorite, Mn–jamesonite, Cu-free meneghinite, and semseyite; the last three are reported from Agucha for the first time. Stability relations of Cu-free meneghinite and semseyite in the Pb–Ag-rich ores constrain temperatures at >550°C and <300°C, respectively. Features such as (1) low galena–sphalerite interfacial angles, (2) presence of multiphase sulfide–sulfosalt inclusions, (3) microcracks filled with galena (±pyrargyrite) without any hydrothermal alteration, and (4) high contents of Zn, Ag (and Sb) in galena, indicate partial melting in the PbS–Fe0.96S–ZnS–(1% Ag2S ± CuFeS2) system, which was critical for metamorphic remobilization of the Rampura–Agucha deposit.

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Acknowledgements

The first author is thankful to the Indian National Science Academy and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for an exchange visit to the Institut für Mineralogie, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum where all the microprobe analyses were carried out. The Raman spectroscopic work was funded by a project (SR/FST/ESII-020/2000) from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India to the Department of Geology and Geophysics, IIT Kharagpur. The authors thank Craig Johnson, Chris MacFarlane, Associate Editor David Lentz, and Chief Editor Bernd Lehmann for their constructive reviews and invaluable comments, which helped to improve the paper.

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  1. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721 302, India

    Biswajit Mishra

  2. Zentrale Elektronen-Mikrosonde, Institüt für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, 44801, Germany

    Heinz-Jurgen Bernhardt

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 2 Microprobe analytical data of pertinent minerals from calc–silicate gneiss and amphibolite
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Table 3 Microprobe analytical data of garnet and biotite from pelite (sample number 370-12a)
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Table 4 Microprobe analytical data of garnet, biotite and plagioclase from pelite (# 370-3) and leucosome (#370-1a)
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Table 5 Biotite–garnet geothermometry, based on eight different formulations
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Table 6 Representative microprobe analysis and calculated formulae of sulfosalts
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Mishra, B., Bernhardt, HJ. Metamorphism, graphite crystallinity, and sulfide anatexis of the Rampura–Agucha massive sulfide deposit, northwestern India. Miner Deposita 44, 183–204 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0208-0

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