Abstract
The Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit (245 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au) in the Carajás Mineral Province of Brazil consists of two major groups of orebodies (Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano and Sossego–Curral) with distinct alteration assemblages that are separated from each other by a major high angle fault. The deposit is located along a regional WNW–ESE-striking shear zone that defines the contact between metavolcano–sedimentary units of the ∼2.76 Ga Itacaiúnas Supergroup and tonalitic to trondhjemitic gneisses and migmatites of the ∼2.8 Ga Xingu Complex. The deposit is hosted by granite, granophyric granite, gabbro, and felsic metavolcanic rocks. The Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano orebodies have undergone regional sodic (albite–hematite) alteration and later sodic–calcic (actinolite-rich) alteration associated with the formation of massive magnetite–(apatite) bodies. Both these alteration assemblages display ductile to ductile–brittle fabrics. They are cut by spatially restricted zones of potassic (biotite and potassium feldspar) alteration that grades outward to chlorite-rich assemblages. The Sossego–Curral orebodies contain weakly developed early albitic alteration and very poorly developed subsequent calcic–sodic alteration. These orebodies contain well-developed potassic alteration assemblages that were formed during brittle deformation that resulted in the formation of breccia bodies. Breccia matrix commonly displays coarse mineral infill suggestive of growth into open space. Sulfides in both groups of deposits were precipitated first with potassic alteration and more importantly with a later assemblage of calcite–quartz–epidote–chlorite. In the Sequeirinho orebodies, sulfides range from undeformed to deformed; sulfides in the Sossego–Curral orebodies are undeformed. Very late, weakly mineralized hydrolytic alteration is present in the Sossego/Currral orebodies. The sulfide assemblage is dominated by chalcopyrite with subsidiary siegenite, and millerite. Pyrrhotite and pyrite are minor constituents of ore in the Sequerinho orebodies while pyrite is relatively abundant in the Sossego–Curral bodies. Oxygen isotope partitioning between mineral pairs constrains temperatures in the deposit spatially and through time. In the Sequeirinho orebody, the early sodic–calcic alteration stage was characterized by temperatures exceeding 500°C and \( \delta ^{{{\text{18}}}} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} \) values for the alteration fluid of 6.9 ± 0.9‰. Temperature declines outward and upward from the zone of most intense alteration. Paragenetically later copper–gold mineralization displays markedly lower temperatures (<300°C) and was characterized by the introduction of 18O-depleted hydrothermal fluids −1.8 ± 3.4‰. The calculated δDH2O and \( \delta ^{{{\text{18}}}} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} \) values suggest that the fluids that formed the early calcic–sodic alteration assemblage were of formational/metamorphic or magmatic origin. The decrease of \( \delta ^{{{\text{18}}}} {\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} \) values through time may reflect influx of surficially derived waters during later alteration and mineralization events. Influx of such fluids could be related to episodic fluid overpressure, resulting in dilution and cooling of the metalliferous fluid, causing deposition of metals transported as metal chloride complexes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albuquerque MAC, Andrade PJMB, Maurity C, Kwitko R (2001) Geologia e características das mineralizações cupríferas do Depósito Alvo 118, Província Mineral de Carajás, Pará, Brasil. Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, 7, Belém, SBG, p 5–8 [CD–ROM]
Almada MCO (1998) O Corpo Acampamento Sul do depósito Bahia, Carajás: características geológicas e fluidos hidrotermais. MSc Thesis, Universidade Federal do Pará
Araújo OJB, Maia RGN, Jorge-João XS, Costa JBS (1988) A megaestruturação da folha Serra dos Carajás. Congresso Latino Americano de Geologia 7 Proceedings pp 324–333
Baker T, Perkins C, Blake KL, Williams PJ (2001) Isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Eloise Cu–Au deposit, Cloncurry district, NW Queensland, Australia. Econ Geol 96:723–742
Barros CEM, Sardinha AS, Barbosa JPO, Krimski R, Macambira MJB (2001) Pb–Pb and U–Pb zircon ages of Archean syntectonic granites of the Carajás metallogenic province, northern Brazil. South American Symposium on Isotopic Geology, 3, Proceedings, pp 94–97
Barton MD, Johnson DA (1996) Evaporitic source model for igneous-related Fe oxide–(REE–Cu–Au–U) mineralization. Geology 24:259–262
Beardsmore TJ (1992) Petrogenesis of Mount Dore-style breccia-hosted copper ± gold mineralization in the Kuridala-Selwyn Region of Northwestern Queensland. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, p 292
Beisiegel VR, Bernardelli AL, Drumond NF, Ruff AW, Tremaine JW (1973) Geologia e recursos minerais da Serra dos Carajás. Rev Bras Geocienc 3:215–242
Berman RG (1991) Thermobarometry using multiequilibrium calculations: a new technique with petrologic applications. Can Mineral 29:833–855
Bernadelli A, Melfi AJ, Oliveira SMB, Trescases JJ (1983) The Carajás nickel deposits. In: Melfi AJ, Carvalho A (eds) IGCP–IUGS–UNESCO Project 129, International Seminary on Laterisation Processs, São Paulo, pp 108–118
Cabral AR, Lehmann B, Kwitko R, Cravo CHC (2002) The Serra Pelada Au–Pd–Pt deposit, Carajas Mineral Province, northern Brazil; reconnaissance mineralogy and chemistry of very high grade palladian gold mineralization. Econ Geol 97:1127–1138
Carvalho ER, Xavier RP, Monteiro LVS, Souza Filho CR, Villas RN, Godoy MLS, Fanton JJ, Nunes AR, Morais R (2004) Geologia do depósito de óxido de Fe–Cu–Au de Sossego, Província Mineral de Carajás (PA). Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 42, Proceedings, Araxá, SBG [CD-ROM]
Carvalho ER, Xavier RP, Monteiro LVS, Souza Filho CR (2005) Geology and hydrothermal alteration of the Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Metalogenia, 1 [CD-ROM]
Cathelineau M, Nieva D (1985) A chlorite solid solution geothermometer: the Los Azufres (Mexico) geothermal system. Contrib Mineral Petrol 91:235–244
Chacko T, Riciputi LR, Cole DR, Horita J (1999) A new technique for determining equilibrium hydrogen isotope fractionation factors using the ion microprobe: application to the epidote-water system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:1–10
Clayton RN, Mayeda TK (1963) The use of bromide pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27:43–52
Coelho CES, Rodrigues OB (1986) Jazida de manganês do azul, Serra dos Carajás, Pará. In: Schobbenhaus C, Coelho, CES (coords) Principais depósitos minerais do Brasil, Brasília, DNPM/CVRD, v 2, pp 145–152
Cordeiro AAC, Silva AV (1986) Depósito de wolframita da região de Pedra Preta, Pará In: Schobbenhaus C, Coelho, CES (coords) Principais depósitos minerais do Brasil, Brasília, DNPM/CVRD, v 2, pp 409–415
Costa ML (1997) Laterization as a major process of ore formation in the Amazon region. Explor Min Geol 6:79–104
Dall’Ágnol R, Lafon JM, Macambira MJB (1994) Proterozoic anaorogenic magmatism in the Central Amazonian Province, Amazonian Craton: geochronological, petrological and geochemical aspects. Mineral Petrol 50:113–118
Dall’Ágnol R, Souza ZS, Althoff FJ, Barros CEM, Leite AAS, Jorge-João XS (1997) General aspects of the granitogenesis of the Carajás metallogenetic province. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Granites and Associated Mineralizations, Salvador, Excursion Guide, pp 135–161
Dardenne MA, Schobbenhaus CS (2001) Metalogênese do Brasil. Editora Universidade de Brasília/CNPq, Brasília
Dalstra H, Guedes S (2004) Giant hydrothermal hematite deposits with Mg-Fe metasomatism: a comparison of the Carajás, Hamersley, and other iron ores. Econ Geol 99:1793–1800
Davidson GJ, Dixon GH (1992) Two sulphur isotope provinces deduced from ores in the Mount Isa Eastern Succession, Australia. Miner Depos 27:30-41
Dilles JH, Solomon GC, Taylor HP Jr, Einaudi MT (1992) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope characteristics of hydrothermal alteration at the Ann-Mason porphyry copper deposit, Yerington, Nevada. Econ Geol 87:44–63
Docegeo (1988) Revisão litoestratigráfica da Província Mineral de Carajás − litoestratigrafia e principais depósitos minerais. Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 35, Belém, SBG, Anexo aos anais, pp 11–54
Dreher AM (2004) O depósito primário de Cu−Au de igarapé Bahia, Carajás: Rochas fragmentárias, fluidos mineralizantes e modelo metalogenético. Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 221p
Dreher AM, Xavier RP (2005) The Igarapé Bahia deposit, Carajás: A Fe oxide (Cu–Au) hydrothermal system evolved in a submarine Archean setting. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Metalogenia, 1 [CD-ROM]
Eldridge CS, Compston W, Williams IS, Harris JW, Bristow JW (1991) Isotope evidence for the involvement of recycled sediments in diamond formation. Nature 353:649–653
Eldridge CS, Danti K (1994) Low sulfur isotope rates; high gold values; a closer look at the Olympic Dam Deposit via SHRIMPAbstract with Programs, Geological Society of America 26:498–499
Faraco MTL, Carvalho JMA, Klein EL (1996) Carta metalogenética da Província Carajás -SE do estado do Pará, Folha Araguaia (SB–22) Nota explicativa Belém CPRM
Field CW, Zhang L, Dilles JH, Rye RO, Reed MH (2005) Sulfur and oxygen isotopic record in sulfate and sulfide minerals of early, deep, pre-Main Stage porphyry Cu–Mo and late Main Stage base–metal mineral deposits, Butte district, Montana. Chemical Geology 215:61–93
Fox KA, Hitzman MW (2001) Superimposed magnetite and iron oxide-cu-au mineralization at Productora, Chilean Iron Belt, GSA Annual Meeting
Galarza TMA (2003) Geocronologia e geoquímica iIsotópica dos depósitos de Cu-Au Igarapé Bahia e Gameleira, Província Mineral de Carajás (PA), Brasil. Revista Brasilera de Geociências (RBG Online)
Galarza TMA, Macambira MJB, Moura CAV (2003) Geocronologia Pb–Pb e Sm–Nd das rochas máficas do depósito Igarapé Bahia, Província Mineral de Carajás (PA) Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, 7, SBG [CD-ROM]
Garrett SJM (1992) The Geology and geochemistry of the Mt. Elliott Cu-Au Deposit, Northwest Queensland. M.Sc. thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart p 122
Graham CM, Sheppard SMF, Heaton THE (1980) Experimental hydrogen isotope studies: I Systematics of hydrogen isotope fractionation in the systems epidote–H2O, zoisite–H2O and AlO(OH)–H2O. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44:353–364
Graham CM, Harmon RS, Sheppard SMF (1984) Experimental hydrogen isotope studies: hydrogen isotope exchange between amphibole and water. Am Mineral 69:128–138
Graham CM, Viglino JA, Harmon RS (1987) Experimental study of hydrogen–isotope exchange between aluminous chlorite and water and of hydrogen diffusion in chlorite. Am Mineral 72:566–579
Haller A, Zúñiga AJ, Corfu F, Fontboté L (2002) The iron oxide-Cu-Au deposit of Raul-Condestable, Mala, Lima, Peru. Sociedad Geologica del Peru (ed), XI Congreso Peruano de Geología, Lima, Resúmenes, p 80
Haynes DW (2000) Iron oxide copper–(gold) deposits: their position in the ore deposit spectrum and modes of origin. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal iron oxide cooper–gold and related deposits: a global perspective Austral Miner Fund, Adelaide, pp 71–90
Hirata WK, Rigon JC, Kadekaru K, Cordeiro AAC, Meireles EA (1982) Geologia Regional da Província Mineral de Carajás. Simp Geol Amaz, 1, Belém, 1982 Anais Belém, SBG/NO, v 1, pp 100–110
Hitzman MW (2000) Iron oxide–Cu–Au deposits: what, where, when, and why. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal iron oxide cooper–gold and related deposits: a global perspective Austral Miner Fund, Adelaide, pp 9–25
Hitzman MW, Oreskes N, Einaudi MT (1992) Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits. Precambrian Res 58:241–287
Holdsworth R, Pinheiro R (2000) The anatomy of shallow-crustal transpressional structures: insights from the Archean Carajás fault zone, Amazon, Brazil. J Struct Geol 22:1105–1123
Holland T, Blundy J (1994) Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contrib Mineral Petrol 116:443–447
Huhn SRB, Santos ABS, Amaral AF, Ledsham EJ, Gouveia JL, Martins LPB, Montalvão RMG, Costa VC (1988) O terreno granito-greenstone da região de Rio Maria – Sul do Pará In: SBG, Cong Bras Geol, 35, Anais, v 3, pp 1438–1452
Huhn SRB, Souza CIJ, Albuquerque MC, Leal ED, Brustolin V (1999) Descoberta do depósito Cu(Au) Cristalino: Geologia e mineralização associada região da Serra do Rabo - Carajás – PA. SBG/NO, Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, 6, pp 140–143
Huhn SRB, Soares ADV, Souza CIJ, Albuquerque MAC, Leal ED, Vieira EAP, Masotti FS, Brustolin V (2000) The Cristalino copper–gold deposit, Serra dos Carajás, Pará. IUGS, Intern Geol Congr, 31 [CD-ROM]
Hunt J, Baker T, Thorkelson D (2005) Regional-scale Proterozoic IOCG-mineralized breccia systems: examples from the Wernecke Mountains, Yukon, Canada. Miner Deposita 40:492–514
Krcmarov RL (1995) Greenmount Cu-Au-Co Deposit, Cloncurry District. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, p 183
Kyser TK, Kerrich R (1991) Retrograde exchange of hydrogen isotopes between hydrous minerals and water at low temperatures. Geochemical Society Special Publication 3:409–422
Lancaster-Oliveira JA, Fanton J, Almeida AJ, Leveille RA, Vieira S (2000) Discovery and geology of the Sossego copper–gold deposit, Carajás District, Pará State, Brazil. In: IUGS, Intern Geol Congr, 31 [CD-ROM]
Ledlie I (1988) Geology of the Teresa de Colmo Fe–Cu breccia deposit. Master of Sciences thesis. Tasmania University, Australia
Leonardos OH, Santos MD, Giuliani G, Araújo LR(1991) The Cumuru mesothermal granodiorite-hosted gold mineralization, Amazon Craton, Brazil In: Ladeira EA (ed) Brazil Gold’91, Balkema, pp 557–562
Lindenmayer ZG (1990) Salobo sequence, Carajás, Brasil: Geology, Geochemistry and Metamorphism. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ontario, Canada, p 407
Lindenmayer ZG (2003) Depósito de Cu–Au do Salobo, Serra dos Carajás: Uma revisão. In: Ronchi LH, Althoff FJ (orgs) Caracterização e modelamento de depósitos minerais. Editora Unisinos, São Leopoldo, pp 69–98
Lindenmayer ZG, Sial AN, Pimentel MM (2002) Composição isotópica dos carbonatos do minério venular do depósito de Cu–Au de Gameleira, Serra dos Carajás, Pará. In: SBG, Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 41, Anais, pp 520
Macambira MJB, Lafon JM (1995) Geocronologia da Província Mineral de Carajás: síntese dos dados e novos desafios. Boletim Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Ciências da Terra 7:263–288
Machado N, Lindenmayer DH, Krough TE, Lindenmayer ZG (1991) U-Pb geochronology of Archean magmatism and basement reactivation in the Carajás area, Amazon Shield, Brazil. Precambrian Res 49:1–26
Mark G, Williams PJ, Boyce AJ (2004) Low-latitude meteoric fluid flow along the Cloncurry Fault, Cloncurry district, NW Queensland, Australia: geodynamic and metallogenic implications. Chem Geol 207:117–132
Marschik R, Fontboté L (2001) The Candelaria–Punta del Cobre iron oxide Cu–Au (–Zn–Pb) deposits, Chile. Econ Geol 96:1799–1826
Marschik R, Leveille RA (2001) Iron oxide Cu–Au deposits in South America: Candelária, Chile, and Sossego, Brazil. Geological Society of America Abstract with Programs 33
Marschik R, Leveille RA, Martin W (2000) La Candelaria and the Punta del Cobre district, Chile: early Cretaceous iron-oxide Cu–Au(–Zn–Ag) mineralization. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal iron oxide cooper–gold and related deposits: a global perspective Austral Miner Fund, Adelaide, pp. 163–176
Marschik R, Ryan M, Ruiz J, Leveille RA, Almeida AJ (2002) An Archean Re–Os molybdenite age for the Gameleira Cu–Au–Mo mineralization, Carajas Province, Brazil. Geological Society of America Abstract with Programs 34; 6, p 337
Meireles EM, Silva ARB (1988) Deposito de ouro de Serra Pelada, Maraba, Para. In: Schobbenhaus C, Coelho CES (eds) Principals Depósitos Minerals do Brasil, v. 3. Brasilia, DNPM/CVRD, 547–557
Monteiro LVS, Xavier RP, Carvalho ER, Souza Filho CR, Fanton JJ, Nunes AR, Morais R (2004a) O depósito de óxido de ferro–Cu–Au de Sossego, Carajás: evolução do sistema hidrotermal com base na química mineral e geotermobarometria In: Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, SBG, 42, Resumos [CD-ROM]
Monteiro LVS, Xavier RP, Carvalho ER, Souza Filho CR, Fanton JJ, Nunes AR, Morais R (2004b) Mistura de fluidos associada à mineralização de óxido de ferro-Cu-Au de Sossego, Província Mineral de Carajás: evidências a partir de isótopos de oxigênio e carbono. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, SBG, 42, Resumos [CD-ROM]
Morais RPS, Alkmim FF (2005) O controle litoestrutural da mineralização de cobre do Depósito Sequeirinho, Canaã dos Carajás, PA. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Metalogenia, 1, Gramado, Short Papers [CD-ROM]
Moroni M, Girardi VAV, Ferrario A (2001) The Serra Pelada Au–PGE deposit, Serra dos Carajás (Pará State, Brazil); geological and geochemical indications for a composite mineralising process. Miner Depos 36:768–785
Morrison J (2004) Stable and radiogenic isotope systematics in epidote group minerals. Rev Mineral Geochem 56:607–628
Nogueira ACR (1985) Análise faciológica e aspectos estruturais da Formação Águas Claras, região central da Serra dos Carajás. Master thesis, Universidade Federal do Pará
Ohmoto H (1986) Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. In: Valley JW, Taylor Jr HP, O’Neil JR (eds) Reviews in Mineralogy: Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Mineral Soc Am 16:491–560
Ohmoto H, Rye RO (1979) Isotopes of sulfur and carbon. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 509–567
Ohmoto H, Goldhaber MB (1997) Sulfur and carbon isotopes. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp. 517–611
Oliveira CG, Leonardos OH (1990) Gold mineralization in the Diadema shear belt, northern Brazil. Econ Geol 85:1034–1043
Oreskes N, Einaudi MT (1992) Origin of hydrothermal fluids at Olympic Dam: preliminary results from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Econ Geol 87:64–90
Perring CS, Pollard PJ, Nunn AJ (2001) Petrogenesis of the Squirrel Hills granite and associated magnetite-rich sill and vein complex: Lightning Creek prospect, Cloncurry district, northwest Queensland. Precambrian Res 105:213–238
Pimentel MM, Machado N (1994) Geocronologia U-Pb dos terrenos granito-greenstone de Rio Maria, Pará. In: SBG, Cong Bras Geol, Anais, vol 2, pp 390–391
Pimentel MM, Lindenmayer ZG, Laux JH, Armstrong R, Araújo JC (2003) Geochronology and Nd geochemistry of the Gameleira Cu–Au deposit, Serra dos Carajás, Brazil: 1.8–1.7 Ga hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. J South Am Earth Sci 15:803–813
Pollard PJ, Blake KL, Guoyi D (1997) Proterozoic Cu-Au-Co and Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization in the Cloncurry district, eastern Mount Isa Inlier, Australia: Constraints on fluid sources from mineralogical, fluid inclusion and stable isotope data. AMIRA P438 Cloncurry Base Metals and Gold Final Report, Section 7, 50 p
Ramírez LE, Palacios C, Townley B, Parada MA, Sial AN, Fernandez-Turiel JL, Gimeno D, Garcia-Valles M, Lehmann B (2006) The Mantos Blancos copper deposit: an upper Jurassic breccia-style hydrothermal system in the Coastal Range of Northern Chile (in press). DOI 10.1007/s00126-006-0055-9
Réquia KCM, Xavier RP (1995) Fases fluidas na evolução metamórfica do depósito de Cu-Au de Salobo, Carajás, Pará. Revista da Escola de Minas 49:117–122
Réquia K, Fontboté L (2001) The Salobo iron oxide copper–gold hydrothermal system, Carajás mineral province, Brazil. Geological Society of America, Abstract with Programs 33(6):2
Réquia K, Stein H, Fontboté L, Chiaradia M (2003) Re–Os and Pb–Pb geochronology of the Archean Salobo iron oxide copper–gold deposit, Carajá Mineral Province, northern Brazil. Miner Depos 38:727–738
Rigon JC, Munaro P, Santos LA, Nascimento JAS, Barreira CF (2000) Alvo 118 copper–gold deposit—geology and mineralization, Serra dos Carajás, Para, Brazil. In: IUGS, International Geological Congress, 31 [CD-ROM]
Ripley EM, Ohmoto H (1977) Mineralogic, sulfur isotope, and fluid inclusion studies of the stratabound copper deposits at the Raul mine, Peru. Econ Geol 72:1017–1041
Rodrigues ES, Lafon JM, Scheller T (1992) Geocronologia Pb-Pb da Província Mineral de Carajás: primeiros resultados. SBG, Cong Bras Geol, 37, Bol Res Exp, vol 2, pp 183–184
Ronchi LH, Lindenmayer ZG, Araújo JC (2000) Gameleira Cu (Mo-Au) deposit: fluids and hydrothermal alteration (Carajás, Brazil). In: IUGS, International Geological Congress, 31 [CD-ROM]
Rotherham JF, Blake KL, Cartwright I, Williams PJ (1998) Stable isotope evidence for the origin of the Mesoproterozoic Starra Au–Cu deposit, Cloncurry district, northwest Queensland. Econ Geol 93:1435–1449
Savin SM, Lee M (1988) Isotopic studies of hydrous phyllosilicates. In: Hydrous phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas). Rev Miner 19:189–233
Silva ARB, Cordeiro AAC (1998) Depósitos de ouro da Serra das Andorinhas, Rio Maria, Pará. In: Schobbenhaus C, Coelho CES (coords) Principais depósitos minerais do Brasil, Brasília, DNPM/CVRD, v 2, pp 145–152
Soares ADV, Macambira MJB, Santos, MGS, Vieira, EAP, Massoti FS, Souza, CIJ, Padilha JL, Magni MCV (2001) Depósito Cu(Au) Cristalino, Serra dos Carajás, PA: Idade da mineralização com base em análises Pb–Pb em sulfetos (dados preliminares). SBG, Simp. Geol. Amaz., 7, Res. Expandidos [CD-ROM]
Souza LJ, Vieira EA (2000) Salobo 3 Alpha deposit: geology and mineralization. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal iron oxide copper–gold and related deposits: a global perspective. Australian Mineral Foundation, Adelaide, pp 213–224
Souza SRB, Macambira MJB, Sheller T (1996) Novos dados geocronológicos para os granitos deformados do Rio Itacaiúnas (Serra dos Carajás, PA); implicações estratigráficas. Proceedings of the Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, Belém, Brazil, pp 380–383
Souza Filho CR, Carvalho ER, Xavier RP, Monteiro LVS (2004) Unraveling Spectral Signatures of Fe–Ox–Cu–Au Deposits in Carajás (Brazil) through Reflectance Spectroscopy and Aster Imagery Analysis. In: SBG, Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 42, Araxá, Resumos [CD-ROM]
Strauss H (1993) The sulfur isotopic record of Precambrian sulfates: new data and a critical evaluation of the existing record. Precambrian Res 63:225–246
Suita MTF (1988) Geologia da área Luanga com ênfase na petrologia do complexo básico-ultrabásico Luanga e depósitos de cromita associados, Pará. Dissertação de Mestrado, Brasília, UnB, p 83
Tallarico FHB, Figueiredo BR, Groves DI, Kositcin N, McNaughton NJ, Fletcher IR, Rego JL (2005) Geology and SHRIMP U–Pb geochronology of the Igarapé Bahia deposit, Carajás copper–gold belt, Brazil: an Archean (2.57 Ga) example of iron–oxide Cu–Au–(U–REE) mineralization. Econ Geol 100:7–28
Tallarico FHB, McNaughton NJ, Groves DI, Fletcher IR, Figueiredo BR, Carvalho BJ, Rego LJ, Nunes AR (2004) Geological and SHRIMP II U–Pb constraints on the age and origin of the Breves Cu–Au–(W–Bi–Sn) deposit, Carajás, Brazil. Miner Depos 39:68–86
Tallarico FHB, Coimbra CR, Cravo Costa CH (2000) The Serra Leste sediment-hosted Au–(Pd–Pt) mineralization, Carajás Province. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 30:226–229
Tavaza E, Oliveira CG (2000) The Igarapé Bahia Au-Cu-(REE-U) deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Northern Brazil. In: TM Porter (ed) Hydrothermal iron oxide copper–gold & related deposits: a global perspective. Australia Mineral Foundation, Adelaide, pp 203–212
Taylor HP (1968) The oxygen isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks. Contrib Mineral Petrol 19:1–71
Taylor HP Jr (1997) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, Wiley, New York, pp 229–302
Twyerould SC (1997) The geology and genesis of the Ernest Henry Fe–Cu–Au deposit, NW Queensland, Australia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oregon, p 494
Trendall AF, Basei MAS, De Laeter JR, Nelson DR (1998) SHRIMP U-Pb constraints on the age of the Carajás Formation, Grão Pará Group, Amazon Craton. J South Am Earth Sci 11:265–277
Villas RN, Santos MD (2001) Gold deposits of the Carajás Mineral Province: deposit types and metallogenesis. Miner Depos 36:300–331
Villas RN, Neves M, Sousa F, Lima L, Lamarão C, Xavier R Fanton J, Morais R (2004) Rochas hospedeiras e alteração hidrotermal do depósito Sossego, Província Mineral de Carajás. Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 42, Araxá (MG) SBG, Resumos [CD-ROM]
Villas R N, Lima LFO, Neves M P, Sousa FDS, Lamarão CN, Fanton J, Morais R (2005) Relações entre deformação, alteração hidrotermal e mineralização no depósito Cu–Au do Sossego, Província Mineral de Carajás. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Metalogenia, 1, [CD-ROM]
Williams PJ, Pollard PJ (2003) Australian Proterozoic iron oxide–Cu–Au deposits: An overview with new metallogenic and exploration data from the Cloncurry district, northwest Queensland. Explor Min Geol 10:191–213
Wirth KR, Gibbs AK, Olszewski WJ (1986) U-Pb ages of zircons from the Grão Pará Group and Serra dos Carajás granite, Pará, Brasil. Rev Bras Geocienc 16:195–200
Xavier RP, Wiedenbeck M, Dreher AM, Rhede D, Monteiro LVS, Araújo CEG (2005) Chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from Archean and Paleoproterozoic Cu–Au deposits in the Carajás Mineral Province. Brazilian Symposium on Metallogeny 1, [CD-ROM]
Zheng YF (1991) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in metal oxides. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:2299–2307
Zheng YF (1993a) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in anhydrous silicate minerals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:1079–1091
Zheng YF (1993b) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in hydroxyl-bearing silicates. Earth Planet Sci Lett 120:247–263
Zheng YF (1994) Oxygen isotope fractionation in metal monoxides. Mineral Mag 58A:1000–1001
Zheng YF (1996) Oxygen isotope fractionations involving apatites: application to paleotemperature determination. Chem Geol 127:177–187
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Companhia Vale to Rio Doce for allowing access to the mine and providing logistical support. Special thanks are also due to Márcio Godoy, José J. Fanton, Benevides Aires, Roberta Morais, and José Antonio Garbellotto de Matteo, who provided much of the geological groundwork for this study. We are very grateful to John Humphrey from the Colorado School of Mines (Golden, USA) and Pam Gemery from the U.S. Geological Survey (Denver, USA), who provided the stable isotope analyses. We would especially like to thank Garry Davidson, Patrick Williams, Steffen Hagemann, Erin Marsh, and Byron R. Berger, whose critical comments and suggestions significantly improved the paper. Dailto Silva and Rosane Palissari from the IG–UNICAMP and John Skok from the Colorado School of Mines assisted with the scanning electron microscopy studies. This research has been supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo–FAPESP (Procs. No. 03/01159-1, 04/08126-4, 03-11163-6, 03/09584-3, 03/07453-9), FAPESP/PRONEX 03/09916-6 and FAEP/UNICAMP grants. R.P. Xavier and C.R. Souza Filho acknowledge CNPq for research grants 300579/92-6 and 301.227/94, respectively. M. Hitzman acknowledges support for a portion of this work from the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant EAR-0207217.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial handling: S. Hagemann
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Monteiro, L.V.S., Xavier, R.P., de Carvalho, E.R. et al. Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: paragenesis and stable isotope constraints. Miner Deposita 43, 129–159 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0121-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0121-3