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Prä- und posttherapeutische Larynxbildgebung

Pretherapeutic and posttherapeutic laryngeal imaging

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Zusammenfassung

Sowohl CT als auch MRT und neuerdings die PET-CT sind unentbehrliche Zusatzuntersuchungen zur Diagnostik und Stadieneinteilung von Tumoren des Larynx. Sie sind der klinischen Untersuchung (einschließlich endoskopischer Biopsie) beigeordnet und ergänzen diese komplementär. Eine sehr genaue Kenntnis der submukösen Tumorausbreitungswege, der diagnostischen Zeichen der Tumorinfiltration und deren Konsequenzen für Stadieneinteilung und Therapie sind unentbehrlich für die Interpretation von CT-, MRT- und PET-CT-Bildern. Sowohl CT als auch MRT sind hochsensitive Untersuchungen zum Nachweis der neoplastischen Infiltration des präepi- und paraglottischen Raums, der Subglottis und des Knorpels. Die Spezifität ist jedoch mit beiden Methoden weniger hoch als zunächst erwartet, wodurch eine Tendenz zum Überschätzen der Tumorausbreitung resultiert. Neuere Untersuchungen haben jedoch gezeigt, dass die Spezifität der MRT mittels Anwendung neuer diagnostischer Kriterien signifikant verbessert werden kann, da eine Unterscheidung zwischen Tumor und peritumoraler Entzündung in vielen Fällen möglich ist. Der sehr hohe negative Vorhersagewert der beiden Schnittbildverfahren ist aus klinischer Sicht wichtig, da er es ermöglicht, die neoplastische Knorpelinfiltration auszuschließen. Beide Methoden verbessern signifikant die prätherapeutische Stagingtreffsicherheit, wenn sie zusätzlich zur Endoskopie eingesetzt werden. Bei submukösen Tumoren liefern sowohl CT als auch MRT wertvolle Hinweise auf eine mögliche Ätiologie, auf das Ausmaß des submukösen Wachstums und die geeignete Biopsiestelle. Sie spielen auch eine wichtige Rolle bei der Diagnose von Laryngozelen, der Abklärung von N.-laryngeus-recurrens-Paresen und Larynxfrakturen.

Abstract

Cross-sectional imaging with CT, MRI and more recently PET CT plays an indispensable complementary role to endoscopy in the pretherapeutic diagnostic and staging of laryngeal neoplasms and in the evaluation of the operated or irradiated larynx. Adequate interpretation of the CT, PET CT and MR images requires a thorough knowledge of the patterns of submucosal spread and familiarity with the diagnostic signs of neoplastic invasion as seen with each modality. In addition, one should be aware of the implications of imaging for staging and treatment. Both CT and MR imaging are highly sensitive for the detection of neoplastic invasion of the preepiglottic and paraglottic spaces, subglottic region and cartilage. The high negative predictive value of both CT and MRI allows a relatively reliable exclusion of neoplasm cartilage invasion. The specificity of both CT and MRI is, however, moderately high and both methods may, therefore, overestimate the extent of tumor spread. However, recent investigations have shown that the specificity of MRI may be significantly improved by using new diagnostic criteria which allow differentiation of tumor from peritumoral inflammation in many instances. Both cross-sectional imaging methods also significantly improve the pretherapeutic staging accuracy of laryngeal tumors if used in addition to clinical examination and endoscopic biopsy. In the presence of a submucosal mass, CT and MRI play a key role for the diagnosis, as they may characterize the lesion, reliably depict its submucosal extent and guide the endoscopist to perform deep biopsies which allow the definitive histological diagnosis. Cross-sectional imaging also plays a key role in the evaluation of laryngoceles, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and fractures.

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Becker, M., Burkhardt, K., Allal, A. et al. Prä- und posttherapeutische Larynxbildgebung. Radiologe 49, 43–58 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-008-1765-z

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