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Hämatoonkologische Krankheitsbilder

Hemato-oncological diseases

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Zusammenfassung

Die Hemmkörperhämophilie ist eine lebensbedrohliche Erkrankung, die durch das Auftreten von Antikörpern gegen Gerinnungsfaktoren gekennzeichnet ist. Neben einer neu entwickelten Blutungsneigung ist die verlängerte aktivierte partielle Thromboplastinzeit („activated partial thromboplastin time“, aPTT) diagnostisch weiterführend und der positive Plasmatauschversuch beweisend für das Vorliegen eines Inhibitors. Die Diagnose der thrombotisch-thrombozytopenischen Purpura bzw. des hämolytisch-urämischen Syndroms (TTP-HUS) kann bei Coombs-negativer hämolytischer Anämie und Thrombozytopenie über den Nachweis von Fragmentozyten im peripheren Blutausstrich gestellt werden. Die Haarzellleukämie ist die sehr seltene Unterform einer chronischen B-Zell-Neoplasie mit den klinischen Zeichen einer Panzytopenie und Splenomegalie. Charakteristisch ist die Positivität für CD103. Der gastrointestinale Stromatumor (GIST) unterscheidet sich grundlegend vom klassischen Weichteilsarkom durch eine aktivierende Mutation im KIT-Gen bzw. Gen für „platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α“ (PDGFRA, Positivität für CD117). Bei allen 4 genannten Erkrankungen können nach richtiger Diagnosestellung erhebliche therapeutische Konsequenzen für den Patienten abgeleitet werden. So stehen bei der Hemmkörperhämophilie die Immunsuppression, bei schweren Blutungen die Gabe von Gerinnungsfaktoren (z. B. rekombinanter Faktor VIIa) und bei der TTP-HUS der sofortige Plasmatausch im Vordergrund. Bei der Haarzellleukämie kann eine sehr effektive Therapie über Purinanaloga (z. B. Cladribin) und beim metastasierten bzw. inoperablen GIST über Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren (z. B. Imatinib) eingeleitet werden.

Abstract

Acquired inhibitors of coagulation cause a life-threatening disease. Clinically newly occurring hemorrhagic diathesis combined with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) time is diagnostically indicative and can be confirmed by a positive plasma exchange test. For thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS) the diagnosis of Coombs negative hemolytic anemia together with thrombocytopenia should lead to the detection of fragmentocytes in peripheral blood smears. Hairy cell leukemia is a rare subgroup of chronic B-cell neoplasia with the clinical signs of pancytopenia and splenomegaly which characteristically stain positive for CD103. The gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has nothing in common with classical soft tissue sarcoma based on the activating mutation of the KIT or PDGFRA gene (positivity for CD117). In all of these disorders the correct diagnosis has a major influence on patient outcome. For the case of acquired inhibitors of coagulation immunosuppressive therapy and substitution of coagulation factors (e.g. recombinant factor VIIa) or for TTP-HUS the immediate start of plasma exchange are mandatory. For hairy cell leukemia a very effective treatment exists with purine analogs (e.g. cladribine) and for metastatic inoperable GIST with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. imatinib).

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- Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. L.H. Lindner und W. Hiddemann geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Das vorliegende Manuskript enthält keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Lindner, L., Hiddemann, W. Hämatoonkologische Krankheitsbilder. Internist 54, 1197–1204 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-013-3291-y

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